Part Two: New Reader Archive Entry: Human Rights Report in the Outlaw US Empire by Russian MFA

Part two begins with Section 11:

Section 11. Protection of personal data. Surveillance of citizens

In 2013, Edward Snowden's revelations about the breadth of U.S. government surveillance shocked the world. The public learned about the NSA's PRISM and Upstream programs, in which the NSA works closely with companies such as Google, Facebook, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) and Verizon Communications to monitor Americans' international communications on a massive scale and obtain their personal data.

Intelligence officials also acknowledged that the NSA has for years secretly collected records of virtually every phone call an American made — who calls whom, when those calls are made, and how long they last. In addition, whistleblowers and media reports have revealed that the NSA has conducted mass surveillance overseas, without any judicial oversight, in accordance with Executive Order 12333. In 2013, it was reported that the CIA paid American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) $10 million. per year to access the company's call data[305].

In September 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit found that the NSA's surveillance program violated the Constitution and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of 1978.

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, one of the largest surveillance laws ever passed by Congress, was in effect in the United States until the end of 2023. social media posts and web browsing.

A striking illustration of this practice is the "exposed" abuses of intelligence in the course of wiretapping conversations between Donald Trump's campaign staff and Russian representatives. First of all, we are talking about the "declassification" of conversations between the former assistant to the president for national security and the former Russian ambassador to the United States (transcripts of conversations for 2016-2017, intercepted by the American intelligence community). At the same time, Donald Trump has publicly announced his intention to veto a number of surveillance programs carried out under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, citing the "massive abuses" of this law by intelligence agencies. In this regard, it is also worth recalling the scandal that erupted in Germany in 2015, when German journalists made public the fact that US intelligence services secretly wiretapped Chancellor Angela Merkel.

U.S. intelligence agencies continue to uncontrollably use electronic surveillance mechanisms against both foreign nationals and Americans to obtain information about citizens' contacts via email, social media, and instant messengers. At the same time, violations of the surveillance procedures established by law systematically occur, including improper disclosure of information to third parties, failure to timely send a notification to the court whose authorization is required, provision of unverified information to the courts, etc.

Journalists, legislators, and NGOs continue to draw attention to numerous violations of the legal norms on the protection of personal data by law enforcement and intelligence agencies in the United States. Human rights activists emphasize the systemic nature of abuse, calling the country's practice of monitoring the electronic communications of Americans a serious threat to the constitutional right to privacy, freedom of speech and assembly. It is noted that representatives of national and religious minorities, including African-Americans, Asians, Muslims, etc., are particularly affected by the actions of the special services.[309]

For example, during the surge of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement,[310] police collected social media data to identify protesters. For example, monitoring company Dataminr used its connection to Twitter to help law enforcement geolocate protesters during rallies in the summer of 2020, allowing police to track and disrupt events.

Dataminr also alerted the Federal Marshals Service, a federal law enforcement agency affiliated with the U.S. Department of Justice, about the locations of anti-abortion demonstrations in 2022.[311]

Amnesty International notes that mass surveillance is not only a violation of the right to privacy, but also a threat to the activities of the organization itself, which is engaged in exposing human rights violations around the world. Amnesty International's research is based on confidential sources. By sharing stories, witnesses of human rights violations and victims put themselves at risk of being exposed and punished. According to the NGOs, the government illegally surveils researchers, activists, and victims, which is fraught with further human rights violations.[312]

In December 2020, the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Homeland Security initiated an internal review after it became known that the Federal Customs and Border Protection (FCPS), which is subordinate to DHS, had purchased personal data of citizens from third-party commercial companies. As reported by Vox, citing the Wall Street Journal, the FTPS, in particular, used mobile phone data illegally obtained from Venntel to track the movements of Americans and foreigners across the border.

In addition, in June 2020, the Wall Street Journal learned that in 2017-2018, the FBI and the Federal Tax Service also bought personal data of citizens from Venntel, X-Mode and Babel Street in circumvention of the current legislation, allegedly hoping to use it to combat money laundering, organized crime and drug trafficking. This information was widely publicized only a few years later, during a briefing by the leadership of the Federal Tax Service for the staff of Senator Robert Wyden[314].

Human rights organizations and journalists have repeatedly noted the lack of a legal instrument in the United States that would contain detailed clear rules for when competent authorities can access citizens' personal data, including their personal correspondence.

On December 22, 2023, Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) was extended until the end of April 2024. But they use American electronic services. In this way, intelligence obtains data that is used to combat international terrorism.

Amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), including Section 702, were adopted in 2008. In early 2018, Congress extended the validity of Section 702 for six years, until the end of 2023.[316] Recently, there has been discussion of expanding the scope of this section, in particular, expanding the list of companies that have been which may be included in the number of U.S. agencies[317]. A number of U.S. politicians have proposed making Title 702 permanent.

Despite all the above flaws, the head of the White House for National Security, Jake Sullivan, called Section 702 the cornerstone of US national security. In his view, "this section is an invaluable tool that continues to protect Americans every day and ensures that U.S. defense, intelligence, and law enforcement agencies are able to respond to threats from China, Russia, cybercriminals, terrorists, and anyone else who seeks to cripple critical U.S. infrastructure."

At the same time, representatives of local NGOs are calling on parliamentarians to revise the current rules to take greater account of the right to personal data protection[320].

In a 2019 report, Human Rights Watch noted that information from individuals' electronic devices is often used by law enforcement officers without court orders, ostensibly to "prevent" crime. Based on the content of the users' correspondence, law enforcement officers decide to open investigations. The courts, on the other hand, reject requests for disclosure of investigative methods, guided by the provisions of the law on the possibility of making such information confidential. In this way, the accused are deprived of the opportunity to challenge the unlawful surveillance imposed on them. This leads to a violation of the constitutional right to a full trial.

Among other things, in the United States, the police practice surveillance of citizens with criminal records. Nominally, the purpose of surveillance is to prevent relapses and reduce the crime situation in certain areas. In practice, however, control over citizens has no legal basis and is carried out without appropriate court orders or warrants from higher law enforcement agencies.

The practice of transnational corporations based in the United States to collect data about users (medical data, religious, political and other beliefs, etc.) is also condemned. Human rights activists saw serious human rights violations in the use of the collected information to increase the profits of "business giants". It is stated that legal entities thus control citizens and restrict their right to freedom of expression (the First Amendment to the American Constitution).

More than 50 human rights NGOs have sent an open appeal to Google's management with a call to review the company's policy in the field of pre-installing some programs on devices based on the Android operating system and allow users to uninstall them. According to human rights activists, many smartphones running on this operating system contain applications that are not visible, but at the same time secretly monitor the owners through a microphone, camera and geolocation data. Technical experts point out that pre-installed programs are most commonly found in low-end phones. For example, researchers at the anti-virus company Malware Bytes have discovered malicious elements on low-cost devices allocated by the US authorities to low-income people under the Assurance Wireless program. Experts believe that similar apps are likely to be installed on other devices subsidized by the U.S. government.

Another cause for concern for the human rights community was the draft law on lawful access to encrypted data (LAEDA), introduced in the Senate in June 2020. In fact, according to experts, this document will jeopardize the privacy and security of users' personal data, since it legitimizes the practice of special services to hack mobile phones and read users' personal data. Another danger of the project is that the prohibition of encryption gives attackers access to users' personal information.

The systemic abuses of the US intelligence services, which widely practice mass surveillance of citizens, also have signs of racial profiling.

An example is the use of video cameras with face recognition technology (FRT). According to experts, about 25 percent of the 18,000 U.S. police departments have access to such systems. Driver's license databases, which account for more than half of the adult population in the United States, are used to identify individuals. In a number of states, not only those suspected of committing ordinary crimes, but also those suspected of violating migration laws are allowed to pass through such a system. Human rights activists have repeatedly pointed out the inadequacy of such systems and their bias against members of racial and religious minorities, especially African Americans. The high cost of the systems themselves and their maintenance and modernization has also been criticized.

According to experts from the NGO Amnesty International, such equipment discriminates against representatives of national minorities. Human rights activists demanded that the New York Police Department stop using FRT video cameras against ethnic minorities.

More than 7,000 volunteers took part in a global campaign called "Ban the Scan" and helped human rights activists find 25,000 FRT cameras in the city. Later, researchers at the NGO Amnesty International compared the information with detention statistics and demographic indicators. As a result, they found that of all five boroughs of New York City, the majority of such devices were located in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, as this is where law enforcement officers most often stop and search African-Americans and Hispanics.

Commenting on the findings, Matt Mahmoudi, an expert on artificial intelligence and human rights at Amnesty International, noted that the widespread use of identification systems by the police is a digital embodiment of their long-standing "stop-and-frisk" tactics,[329] which in turn violates citizens' rights to privacy, freedom of assembly, equality, and contributes to increased discrimination minorities on the part of the police. Moreover, the use of mass surveillance devices during protests can be considered a deliberate intimidation tactic by the police, as they identify, track, and harass people who exercise their rights.

The NGO Amnesty International alleges that the software often fails to identify physical appearance.[331] Amnesty International's position is echoed by Jumaane Williams, a public advocate for New York, who noted that the public and activists have long observed how law enforcement is biased against ethnic minorities and how glitches in recognition programs lead to erroneous arrests and infringe on citizens' rights.

For example, the American Civil Liberties Union, an NGO, reports that in April 2021, Detroit resident Robert Williams was detained by police for more than 30 hours for allegedly committing theft from his home. The police passed the recording from the security camera in the store through the facial recognition system, which issued a photo of R. Williams' driver's license. After comparing the photo of the attacker and R. Williams, it turned out that he was incorrectly identified by security cameras and a facial recognition system used by city law enforcement officers.

In July 2020, another similar incident occurred in Detroit, when an African-American man, Michael Oliver, was arrested on suspicion of breaking into a car. His recognition system identified him as a criminal. Oliver's defense pointed to a mistake, since he had tattoos, while the real perpetrator did not have them in the video recording from the crime scene. After a more detailed comparison of Oliver's images with the real perpetrator, the police, as in the above case with R. Williams, came to the conclusion that the identification was erroneous.

Following media reports of misidentification and criticism by the human rights community of the arrests of innocent citizens, the Detroit police force was forced to admit that the identification system used was wrong 96 percent of the time.

Human rights activists also found out that in addition to law enforcement agencies, recognition systems are also used by individual companies. In particular, it was about the owners of rental real estate, who thus kept an eye on African-American tenants. In 2018-2019, residents of apartments in the Brooklyn area of New York City challenged the installation of facial recognition cameras by the homeowner company. Residents learned about the introduction of the devices by accident, from the mailing of letters about the repair work. As a result of public and media pressure, the company that owns the house announced in November 2019 that it would stop installing facial recognition systems in its homes.

In July 2021, more than 40 human rights NGOs called on the authorities to ban the use of facial recognition technology.

To date, a number of laws have been adopted in the United States that regulate the use of facial recognition systems. For example, in Washington, D.C., law enforcement agencies are required to obtain a warrant or court order to use facial recognition, while other government agencies are required to provide public notice, hold a meeting, and publish a report. Massachusetts and Utah require law enforcement to submit a written request to the state agency that maintains the database before conducting a facial recognition search. Officers in Maine are prohibited from using a facial recognition match as the sole basis for a search or arrest. In New York, a bill has been introduced that would prohibit government agencies from storing or sharing facial recognition images with third parties without prior court authorization.

Over the past few years, a number of U.S. cities and states have adopted regulations prohibiting or restricting the use of facial recognition software by local police (for example, Virginia and New Orleans relaxed the use of this technology in 2022)[339].

However, according to the World Socialist Web Site (WSWS), U.S. intelligence agencies, primarily the FBI, regularly violate the requirements of the law. According to the report of the DPRK, published in April 2021 by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence of the United States, violations of the established procedure for the seizure of electronic correspondence of citizens, ignoring the requirements for the need for judicial authorization[340] were revealed. It is noted that this practice takes place not only in relation to foreigners, American citizens also suffer from it. After this became known to the public, a number of legislators demanded an explanation from the intelligence services.[341]

In addition, according to the online portal Vox, government agencies, in circumvention of the current legislation, regularly receive personal information from American media companies from millions of users of social networks, online platforms and applications[342]. It is argued that this practice contradicts the 2018 decision of the US Supreme Court in the case of Carpenter vs. United States, which states that it is necessary to obtain court permission to access personal data. Among those caught in abuse are the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Internal Revenue Service (FTS), the FBI, as well as the Drug Enforcement Service (DSS).

Section 12. Artificial Intelligence and Discrimination in Hiring

Nowadays, private companies and U.S. government agencies are increasingly using artificial intelligence programs in recruitment. However, human rights activists are concerned about the bias of its algorithms, which, in their opinion, can contribute to discrimination and infringement of the rights of certain categories of citizens.

According to the American Civil Liberties Union, most Fortune Global 500 firms are already using automated tools in their hiring processes.

For example, the developers of HireVue, a platform for analyzing video interviews, consider their own program to be a "fair and transparent" tool for recruiting employees, because, in their opinion, humans are inconsistent in evaluating candidates, while "machines treat everyone equally." Paradox offers automated applications for checking candidates' resumes, scheduling interviews with potential employees, and distributing job offers. The company is committed to providing its clients with only those programs that are "designed to eliminate bias and limit the scalability of existing biases in talent selection processes."

As human rights activists have found out, AI tools for recruitment are included in almost every stage of the hiring process. Employers rely on software to distribute online job advertisements, scan cover letters, and automatically match resumes based on specific criteria and parameters. Virtual assistants or chatbots poll candidates about qualifications and weed out those who do not meet the requirements set by the employer. Applications that analyze intonation, vocabulary, facial expressions, gestures, and stress levels are used to evaluate video interviews.

Theoretically, the algorithms of the above platforms should be extremely objective. But in practice, they, like humans, can lead to intentional or unintentional discrimination by rejecting candidates because of their race, gender, age, or other characteristics. A joint study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Columbia University found that in most cases, AI tends to choose one type of candidate over the rest. This is confirmed by researchers at the University of Cambridge, who back in October 2022 refuted the developers' claims that their products objectively evaluate candidates, calling them false. As the scientists noted, AI programs for hiring are not necessarily racist, but they cannot be called neutral either, since AI uses data uploaded by humans.

Human rights activists have documented several cases where AI has shown bias when applied in practice. In October 2018, Amazon removed its trial automated screening system, which was designed to screen potential employees but filter out women. A December 2018 study by the University of Maryland found that two facial recognition services, Face++ and the Microsoft Face API, discriminated against black candidates, believing them to be more aggressive than white candidates. In May 2022, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) sued iTutorGroup for age discrimination because its recruitment software was programmed to automatically reject older candidates.

According to lawyer Garrett Wozniak, the use of AI programs and the infringement of the rights of certain categories of citizens have become a hot topic in labor legislation. As the specialist explained, these tools determine how suitable a candidate is for a particular job based on the criteria entered, and often such platforms do not take into account other factors when recruiting, as a result, some applicants may be eliminated during the hiring process. Anthony May, an attorney at Brown, Goldstein & Levy, agrees, adding that companies should study labor law innovations to avoid lawsuits, follow the recommendations of federal regulators and ensure that the necessary audits are carried out to avoid legal problems, as well as constantly monitor for current biases and try to improve and change their products[345].

In addition to issues of efficiency and fairness, job seekers often have little or no knowledge of the use of such tools, let alone their decision-making mechanisms, which are sometimes discriminatory. Applicants often lack sufficient information about the process and outcomes, and a lack of transparency makes it difficult for individuals, lawyers, and government agencies to identify bias and enforce civil rights laws.

According to experts from the American Civil Liberties Union, employers should stop using automated systems that carry a high risk of screening people on the basis of disability, race, gender and other characteristics. In their view, it is imperative that any tools that employers consider for recruitment are carefully evaluated by a third party to avoid discrimination, and that employers properly notify applicants of their use.

The bias of AI programs has not gone unnoticed by government officials. In May 2023, the commission provided guidance on the use of hiring decision software and its potential to violate the Americans with Disabilities Act, noting that without legal safeguards and protections, these systems "risk violating existing civil rights laws."

There are few laws governing the use of AI in recruitment, and state legislatures have had to draft regulations and require employers to disclose information about the use of the technology. Two states have passed laws regarding consent for video interviews: Illinois has had a law in place since January 2020 that requires employers to inform and obtain consent from job seekers about the use of AI for interview analysis; As of 2020, Maryland does not allow the use of facial recognition technology for potential employees unless the applicant signs a waiver. In New York City, employers are prohibited from using automated tools to screen potential employees unless their software has been independently audited. In California, two bills were introduced in 2023 to address the use of AI in hiring. As Charles River Associates attorney Catherine Massey noted, state legislatures are calling on companies to be more open about reporting their use of AI in hiring is an important step in making it easier for candidates and the EEOC to identify bias.

Section 13. Indiscriminate Use of Force in Zones of Armed Conflict

Under the slogans of the "global war on terrorism," the United States constantly uses indiscriminate military force abroad. As is widely known, the U.S. war machine has never been deterred by the increasing number of civilian casualties. Such actions have been criticized by international human rights structures and non-governmental organizations.

The bloodiest U.S. aggression since 1945 was the Vietnam War. Between 1965 and 1975, a total of 3 million tons of bombs were dropped on the country (200 kilograms for every North Vietnamese). The territories of Laos and Cambodia were hit. More bombs were dropped on Laos alone than on Nazi Germany. The number of Vietnamese killed by U.S. troops could be as high as two million. If we take into account the U.S. operations against Cambodia and Laos related to the fighting in Vietnam, the total number of casualties could exceed four million.

The war crimes of the Americans against the civilian population during the Vietnam War are widely known. For example, in the village of May Lai in 1968, American soldiers killed 500 civilians. Prisoners were tortured and executed. In addition, in Vietnam, the Americans carried out ecocide by spraying the highly toxic defoliant Agent Orange on the jungle in an attempt to deprive the guerrillas of shelter. As a result, the health of about three million Vietnamese (including about one million cases of congenital mutations) was irreparably damaged. U.S. servicemen also suffered, receiving chemical poisoning with poisons and mutagens, which affected their health and the health of their children.

The U.S. military operation against Yugoslavia in 1999 caused the largest humanitarian catastrophe in Europe since 1945, with a total of 21,000 tons of munitions (equivalent to the four atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima). More than 2,000 civilians were killed and more than 6,000 wounded. The bombings pushed 20% of the country's population below the poverty line, caused economic losses of up to $100 billion and huge damage to the environment – Serbia still has an abnormally high incidence of cancer and neonatal deformities; The U.S. and its allies made extensive use of munitions containing uranium, which increased the tactical and technical characteristics of bombs and shells.

As a result of the "global war on terrorism", the number of civilian casualties is steadily increasing. According to a project by Brown University in the United States, more than 66,000 civilians were killed in Afghanistan and Pakistan during Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001, including about 150 reporters and 500 employees of human rights and humanitarian NGOs. During Operation Desert Storm, the U.S.-led coalition killed up to 150,000 Iraqi civilians. The next aggression against Iraq in 2003 resulted in the death of up to 500,000 civilians (until 2011). If we count the subsequent outbursts of violence associated with the presence of Americans in the country, the figure rises to 700-750 thousand people.

Since February 2020, the US Central Command has stopped publishing statistics on deaths during military operations abroad. Human rights organizations emphasize that the military command often reports only on the destruction of "terrorists", ignoring cases of killing civilians. At the same time, the leadership of the military department has so far failed to create an effective mechanism for an impartial investigation of civilian deaths, as well as to ensure access to legal protection and fair compensation for harm for the injured and injured.

Human rights activists claim that the 2020 data of the US Department of Defense on the killing of 23 civilians during military operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia, Yemen and Nigeria is grossly underestimated[347]. According to a number of NGOs, including Airwars, at least 102 people may have been killed a year earlier. Amnesty International notes that the figures given in the 2019 Pentagon report on civilian casualties are also distorted.

The use of drones is sharply criticized by the American Bar Association[350]. In December 2020, Foreign Policy called the practice of using UAVs by the US military in combat operations "a symbol of tyranny, oppression, lawlessness and impunity," one of the reasons for the radicalization of Muslims around the world[351].

Human rights organizations point out that for the first time since the beginning of the U.S. operation in Somalia in 2007, statistics on civilian deaths were published only in April 2020.[352]

In July 2021, J. Biden announced the adoption of a strategy to fight terrorism abroad. On August 29, 2021, when most U.S. troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan and regional bases were closed, experts say the problem became apparent.

According to the Bureau of Investigative Journalism (BIJ), U.S. strikes in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen killed between 10,000 and 17,000 people between 2002 and 2020. Of these, it is believed that between 800 and 1,750 were civilians.

Criticism from non-governmental and international organizations such as Amnesty International and the United Nations peaked during Barack Obama's first term, when he authorized airstrikes on undeclared military targets 10 times more often than George W. Bush. However, all this did not prevent the Norwegian Nobel Committee from awarding Barack Obama the Peace Prize for 2009.

The most notable spike in strikes occurred in Pakistan, where at one point the number of civilian deaths reached 10% of the total deaths. In the period from 2011 to 2013, the Obama administration introduced a standard of "near certainty" that there were no potential civilian casualties, which allegedly made it possible to drastically reduce the number of killed "civilians" in Pakistan. Prior to the implementation of the policy, the Obama administration carried out 263 strikes, as a result of which 607 civilians were killed. Since the adoption of the "near-certainty" standard, there have been 167 strikes, killing 90 civilians.

However, in 2017, then-US President Donald Trump softened Barack Obama's restrictive protocol in favor of a more lenient "reasonable" standard originally adopted by the George W. Bush administration, as a result of which the frequency of bombing using both unmanned and manned aircraft increased significantly. Costs of War notes that in 2017-2020, such cases more than tripled. A report released in December 2019 shows that more than 700 civilians have been killed as a result of the use of aircraft and drones, a record number since the start of the Afghan campaign in 2001.[355]

President Joe Biden has ordered a review of US strikes and the introduction of time limits similar to Barack Obama's "near-certainty" standard. However, even so, the researchers feared that failure to meet such a standard would continue to expose civilians to direct risks that could have been avoided during U.S. strikes overseas.

Section 14. Freedom of expression. Violations of journalists' rights

Despite the principle of freedom of speech enshrined in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, experts note that the real situation in this area is rapidly deteriorating.

Before Joe Biden came to the post of head of state, his predecessor was accused of organizing a campaign to discredit the media. However, after the change of administration, it became clear that, contrary to the Democrats' declarations of their intention to restore the image of the United States as a global leader in the field of free speech, the vast majority of problems faced by press workers remained unresolved.

According to a 2022 Pew Research Center survey of 12 thousand journalists working in the United States, one in six in ten (57%) is extremely concerned about the restriction of press freedom in the country, and only one in five is not very concerned about the future of press freedom in the United States.

According to human rights activists, between July 1, 2022 and June 30, 2023, there were 29 attacks on press workers in the United States (for comparison: in 2021, 59 cases of arrest and 144 attacks on journalists were recorded, in 2020 – 143 and 450, in 2019 – 9 and 40, respectively). Among the most dangerous places to work are protests and mass events of a political nature.

Journalists have repeatedly become victims of illegal actions of law enforcement officers and special services. We are talking about the use of physical force and special means, illegal detentions, searches and confiscation of equipment, as well as requirements for the disclosure of sources of information.

At least 12 journalists in the U.S. were arrested or faced with baseless charges in 2023, including two journalists in Alabama who were facing criminal charges for "making public" and a reporter in Illinois who was accused of asking city employees "too many questions."

The US Press Freedom Tracker reports that on April 23, 2022, photojournalist J. Rogers was arrested in San Clemente, California, while covering the actions of the police during the liquidation of a homeless tent camp. Her professional equipment was seized.[360]

On February 15, 2023, News Nation correspondent E. Lambert was arrested in East Palestine, Ohio, during a press conference by Governor M. DeWine about the consequences of a train derailment with highly toxic chemicals[361].

On May 8, 2023, photojournalist Samuel Keith was arrested in New York while covering a memorial event in honor of a homeless man who died in the city subway[362].

Over the past year, at least 30 journalists have been summoned to courtrooms to identify their sources or seize reportage footage. In at least one case, refusal to comply led to criminal proceedings.

Bakersfield Californian reporter Ishani Desai received a large number of subpoenas after her interview in prison with Sebastian Parra, a witness and later defendant in the murder of inmate Robert Purnell Roberts, was published on February 26, 2023. On May 10, 2023, a court decision was issued to seize other unpublished materials on this topic from the newspaper[363].

In the United States, discussions continue about the need to reform Section 23 of the Communications Decency Act, which provides for the exemption of online platforms from liability for moderation of user content. The management of popular social networks continues to enjoy absolute impunity in the media space, censoring statements by public figures, politicians and heads of state that they consider "inconsistent with the company's standards." Despite repeated statements by administration officials about plans to put an end to the permissiveness of the "digital giants," there has been no significant progress in this direction. Moreover, Washington is actively using the technological capabilities of media companies to put pressure on geopolitical opponents, primarily Russia and China. In March 2022, Meta and Google announced the blocking of Russian media accounts[364]. The Netflix streaming service, which openly promotes the LGBT agenda through films and cartoons, including among children, refused to broadcast the programs of 20 Russian TV channels.

In recent years, Russian journalists sent to the United States have repeatedly become victims of cruel and unjustified actions by law enforcement officers, faced bans on broadcasting in the United States, restrictions on access to official events, and the blocking of bank accounts. The process of issuing work visas has been complicated.

For example, during the dispersal of demonstrators in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on May 30, 2020, police sprayed tear gas in the face of Rossiya Segodnya journalist Mikhail Turgiev. This happened despite the fact that he showed law enforcement officers a press card. As could be seen from the video footage filmed at the scene, the Russian identified himself loudly and clearly, did not offer any resistance, and had the necessary markings on his clothes.

Another incident occurred on the night of July 22, 2020 in Portland, Oregon. In the course of preparing materials about the riots provoked by the murder of African-American John Floyd, Channel One correspondent Yulia Olkhovskaya and cameraman V. Arkhipov suffered from the actions of law enforcement officers. The "law enforcement officers" caused harm to the health of the Russians, as well as damaged their professional equipment - they broke a video camera and a mobile phone. The incident took place after compatriots reported their affiliation with the press. The U.S. media passed over the case in silence. In total, more than 30 journalists were injured as a result of the illegal actions of law enforcement and special services officers in Portland while covering protest events. [365]

On October 29, 2020, in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), a robbery was committed on the film crew of Channel One. Correspondent G. Olisashvili was injured, cameraman M. Kataev received a concussion, numerous hematomas and abrasions. The robbers broke into the car of Russian citizens, stole a bag with personal belongings and money, as well as a video camera. According to journalists, local law enforcement officers demonstrated absolute indifference and complete disinterest in the investigation of the incident.

On October 15, 2020, at the airport in New York, officers of the Federal Customs and Border Protection Service subjected RT journalist Kirill Rozhkov to many hours of interrogation. The Russian flew to the United States to shoot a documentary about America on the eve of the presidential election. His dissatisfaction was caused by his intention to cover current events in the country, and in general, his work for the RT channel, which is included in the list of foreign agents in the United States. The reporter was required to provide access to all available electronic media, and then to give explanations for the information posted in the public domain (including about the Sputnik V vaccination), as well as correspondence related to journalistic activities. The incident clearly went beyond normal public safety procedures.

On October 23, 2020, Rossiya Segodnya employee Dmitry Zlodorev was subjected to a half-hour telephone interrogation by a representative of the Baltimore branch of the FBI. The Russian citizen was required to provide information about professional contacts with the KSORS, as well as the representative office of Rossotrudnichestvo in Washington.

In July 2020, YouTube blocked the accounts of the Tsargrad TV channel and the Double-Headed Eagle Historical Society. The formal reason is "violation of the terms of the platform and export legislation". In March 2021, the service's administration also restricted access to Russian journalist Alexander Kondrashev's film Crimea. The Way to the Motherland", and in September 2020 – to A. Rogatkin's film "Beslan" under the pretext that they contain materials that can frighten or shock users.

To date, the U.S. Department of State has not responded to a single appeal from the Russian Embassy calling for a thorough investigation of each of the incidents, bringing those responsible to justice, and ensuring the safety of media representatives.

The high-profile case of Julian Assange, accused by the US Themis of violating espionage laws, remains in the focus of attention of the public and human rights activists. The founder of WikiLeaks continues to unsuccessfully challenge the decision of the British authorities to extradite him to the United States, where he faces life imprisonment. Experts note that the process is highly politicized. The American Civil Liberties Union, Human Rights Watch, the Knight First Amendment Institute, and the Committee to Protect Journalists have asked the U.S. Attorney General to stop the prosecution of the activist. Against this background, the surveillance of Julian Assange by US intelligence services with the help of a Spanish private security company during his stay at the Ecuadorian Embassy in London, as well as the CIA's plans to kidnap and poison him, are widely discussed. Observers draw attention to reports in the Spanish press that the National High Court of Spain has summoned former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and former Director of the National Center for Counterintelligence and Security U. Evanina to testify in this regard. [367]

Despite the U.S. government's declared commitment to freedom of speech, in reality, American journalists are subject to strict censorship. At the behest of the authorities, pressure on reporters is also exerted by large media corporations and the professional community itself, forcing journalists to resort to self-censorship, that is, deliberate distortion or silence of information. Dissemination of information that does not correspond to the content of the manuals issued by the authorities is equated to a violation of professional ethics and threatens with grave consequences, ranging from dismissal or lifelong expulsion from the profession to a criminal case. Journalists are often prosecuted under completely far-fetched or fabricated pretexts, such as "ties with the Russian authorities" simply for trying to convey balanced information to the audience. In addition, Washington is exerting increased pressure on the media in partner countries, forcing them to introduce even stricter censorship (including coordinating significant news with employees of American embassies).

As the experience of Russia's special military operation to denazify and demilitarize Ukraine and protect the civilian population of Donbass has shown, Washington is actively using controlled media and IT companies, which in every possible way prevent the international community from conveying Russian approaches and objective points of view on the events around Ukraine. For example, American "digital giants" censor any information, including statements by current politicians and heads of state, that they consider "undesirable," up to and including the complete exclusion of the Russian position from the media space. All this is done on the basis of direct recommendations or with the tacit consent of the authorities. On the Internet, both Russian media and ordinary citizens who publish content that reflects pro-Russian positions are being repressed: Western Internet platforms are rolling out blocking of Russian sources of information, including media outlets and accounts of government agencies on streaming platforms and social networks.

Since April 2020, Roskomnadzor has identified more than 60 cases of discrimination against videos posted on YouTube by Russian media outlets, as well as by governmental, public, and sports organizations or figures.

Restrictions on Russian media resources increased dramatically at the end of February 2022.

According to Roskomnadzor, in less than the first month since the start of the special military operation, more than 80 cases of officially confirmed restrictions related to censorship of Russian journalists, political and public figures and organizations, as well as individual programs by foreign platforms have been registered (36 on YouTube, 18 on Facebook, 13 on Instagram, 9 on Twitter). In particular, the accounts or content of the news agencies Russia Today and Sputnik, the TV channels Russia 24, Zvezda, RBC, NTV, TNT, REN TV, Izvestia, Channel Five, Russian Radio, Tsargrad and others were blocked. Channel One, Rossiya 1, Kultura, and RIA Novosti also fell under the restrictions. According to the statements of the administration of the video hosting, the content distributed by TV channels, including about the special military operation, "violates its policy."

At the same time, the administration and moderators of YouTube do not object to the dissemination of information by extremist organizations, primarily the Right Sector and the nationalist group Azov, which is banned in Russia. In fact, YouTube has become one of the key platforms disseminating fakes about the course of the special military operation, discrediting the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. According to Roskomnadzor, more than 12,000 such materials are posted on the service.

Incidents related to the assignment of marks on the unreliability of published information, marking of state control, exclusion from the list of recommendations, as well as restrictions on access to the ability to download Russian media applications are recorded.

It is noteworthy that a number of American media outlets that broadcast internationally, such as the Voice of America (VOA), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, and Current Time, are officially funded by the US state, being part of the US Agency for Global Media, which does not hide the fact that its activities are "aimed at key strategic regions for US foreign policy," that is, they are unequivocally controlled public interests.

At the end of February 2022, Google banned Russian state media from advertising on its platforms. In early March, its management also announced that Google Play users in Russia would not be able to renew paid subscriptions or install paid applications due to the solutions of payment systems.

Censorship is actively used by Meta, a company that owns a number of social networks. On these resources, the distribution of content by Russian media, public figures and public figures, as well as ordinary citizens, containing the Russian position, is restricted. At the same time, in late February and March 2022, Meta-owned platforms actively disseminated calls to "kill Russians," manuals on how to kill and how to make explosives, and other similar content. The moderators ignored the complaints of users about such a blatant spread of hateful ideology.

On March 11, 2022, an email from Meta's internal mailing list was published. It followed that the company would temporarily allow Facebook and Instagram platforms in a number of countries not to block users' calls for violence against Russians, including military personnel. It was also noted that calls for the death of the presidents of Russia and Belarus will not be removed from social networks.

After the double standards against Russian citizens were revealed, Meta tried to correct the situation. However, her statement only once again confirmed the racist approaches to publications. In particular, it was stated that users will be allowed to call for the "death of the Russian occupiers," but at the same time, the administration of the platforms will block calls for violence against Russian civilians.

The company also failed to comply with a lawful request by the Russian authorities to remove such hazardous materials. On March 21, 2022, a Russian court recognized Meta as extremist and banned its activities in Russia.

Restricting one's own population's access to information does not always take the form of an outright ban, and examples of "hidden" censorship can be seen much more often in the United States. For example, with the beginning of the special military operation, a number of American journalists and news agencies stopped their work in Russia. The official pretext was the adoption of a law on responsibility for discrediting the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. However, Bloomberg News has suspended "news gathering in Russia," i.e., fact-gathering on the spot; CBS and ABC have stopped "broadcasting from Russia," meaning they have also curtailed on-site operations. In fact, this decision blocked the direct channel of communication between the American and Russian publics, which deprived U.S. citizens of receiving information alternative to that disseminated by the government of that country.

It is noteworthy that organizations engaged in the protection of the rights of reporters and the promotion of freedom of speech disagree on the issue of safety for journalists in the American media environment. For example, according to a 2019 report by the NGO Committee to Protect Journalists, 30 members of the press in the United States were prosecuted on charges of disseminating "false information." The U.S. Department of Justice has initiated investigations into the activities of representatives of the Washington Post, the New York Times and CNN.

At the same time, Freedom House, a human rights organization loyal to official Washington, in its annual report on press freedom in the world, classified the United States as a high-level protection of freedom of speech. A similar position is held by European organizations that monitor the state of affairs with freedom of expression in the world, or, more precisely, form "correct" ratings. For example, according to the 2023 data of the NGO Reporters Without Borders, the United States improved its performance in the annual ranking, rising to 45th place (out of 180)[369]. Nevertheless, human rights activists cannot ignore a number of problems that can be traced in the American professional communities of journalists.

The same organization notes that the reality of freedom of expression in the United States is very contradictory. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and expression. Neo-Nazis, as well as other groups that promote extremist and xenophobic ideologies, feel quite free in the United States under the umbrella of this norm. At the same time, the overall level of "infringement of journalists' rights" in the country has increased. Most often, media representatives were subjected to unjustified arrests and even violence.

The practice of discrediting their reputation is used, including the posting of "compromising" information about employees of news agencies and publications on the Internet. For example, according to the U.S. Freedom Tracker, in 2019, similar messages were published on the official accounts of the United States leadership regarding representatives of the New York Times, NBC, and CNN. In March 2019, as a result of a "leak" of classified information, it was revealed that the US government allegedly maintains a "closed database" in which all journalists working in the United States are entered.

Section 15. Persecution of dissidents

It should be noted that the persecution of dissidents was widespread in the United States during the Cold War. At that time, the authorities actively fought against supporters of left-wing ideas (for example, the infamous McCarthy campaign). Now, in fact, a new stage of the "witch hunt" is underway in America. According to international human rights organizations, there are currently about 100 political prisoners in U.S. prisons, not counting Guantanamo detainees. Among them are fighters for the independence of the American Virgin Islands, activists of movements for racial equality and the rights of the indigenous Indian population.

Leonard Peltier, one of the leaders of the American Indian civil rights movement, has been in prison since 1975 – according to some reports, more than 500 public figures and prominent personalities from the world of science and art (Mother Teresa, the Dalai Lama, Dustin Hoffman, Sting, Yoko Ono, Nelson Mandela, etc.) spoke out for his release. In 2010, he was denied parole, and the next hearing in this case may take place in July 2024, by which time political prisoner L. Peltier, who has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize six times, will be 79 years old.

In October 2023, the state of Florida sent an order to all public universities to stop the activities of the branches of the movement "Students for Justice in Palestine", of which there are more than 200 in the United States. The reason was their views on the situation in Palestine. State and university officials falsely accused the students of "terrorism." This decision violates the rights to freedom of speech and association enshrined in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

As follows from the 2023 report of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus on the most high-profile cases of human rights violations in certain countries of the world[373], former member of the US Congress from Hawaii Thomas Gabbard, speaking on February 9, 2023 at a hearing of the special subcommittee[374] of the House of Representatives Judiciary Committee, said: "Unfortunately, we live in a culture of fear where many Americans are afraid to speak freely, express their opinions, engage in open dialogue and debate. They're afraid of losing their job, being canceled, or being accused of a crime." This fear stems from the fact that the government, through its people in the mainstream media and big IT companies, arrogates to itself sole powers, "with the support of the most lethal forces on earth, capable of striking anyone they deem a threat ... to decide what is true and what is false, what is information and what is disinformation."

In support of her words, T. Gabbard said that the head of Meta, M. Zuckerberg, admitted that it was after a conversation with the FBI that Facebook limited the distribution of an article from the New York Post about Hunter Biden's laptop. Twitter, which did the same, recently apologized, acknowledging its mistake. The convenient interaction between White House officials, the FBI, and major IT companies is well documented. As a result, private companies not constrained by the First Amendment are doing the dirty work of censorship that those in government have no legal right to do themselves."

Gabbard also said that 644 Twitter accounts, including her own, which, according to the FBI and CIA leadership, were allegedly related to "Russian online influence activities," were in fact anti-establishment voices from various segments of the US political spectrum.

Since the beginning of 2024, the fight against dissidents and "enemy infiltrators" from among students, graduate students and teachers representing "countries dangerous to the security of the United States" has affected one of the most popular American states for studying abroad - Florida. Local universities are forbidden to hire teachers, researchers, and consider applications for admission from undergraduate and graduate students from seven countries: China, Russia, Iran, Syria, Cuba, Venezuela, and North Korea (although there have never been students from North Korea in America). Universities in the state are also prohibited from entering into partnership and exchange agreements with universities in these countries, with China and its citizens being the main victims of such restrictions.

Despite the objections of teachers and administrators of Florida universities, who argue that this seriously reduces their competitiveness, the state has already passed a law that prohibits the admission of undergraduate and graduate students, as well as the hiring of employees from the above-mentioned countries. This law was approved unanimously in the local Congress, and talented graduate students and researchers, even those who had previously studied at the universities of Florida, would be forced to move to other states or stop considering the United States as a potential place to receive a quality education.

Florida state officials have identified 12 universities that are also prohibited from receiving tuition fees for students. At the same time, such restrictions do not apply to those who already live in the United States for one reason or another. However, university staff are not allowed to deal with these students and teachers or hire them to work on campus, even if many of these students have been studying in Florida for several years.

According to the Florida State Department of Education, most of the students from this "enemy seven" are from China and Iran. They are the ones who most often apply for training in America. The University of Florida alone now has more than 700 students from "forbidden countries."

It should be noted that back in 2018, the U.S. Congress adopted the "Chinese initiative" (in fact, an anti-Chinese one), according to which the universities themselves needed to investigate the ties of Chinese undergraduate and graduate students studying or planning to study in the United States with the Communist Party of the People's Republic of China. Several cases have been recorded when Chinese students were denied visas for this very reason or their documents were canceled, which had already been submitted to study at one of the American universities.

In 2022, this initiative was canceled as "racist in its content." And it was not only Chinese students and graduate students (including, by the way, of American origin) who protested against its introduction into the practice of American universities, but also immigrants from other Asian countries who wanted to get an education in the United States.

Now, at Florida universities, when accepting documents, the commission is obliged to check the possible connection of the student and his parents with a foreign state or government agencies (for example, the student's father serves in the Chinese or Russian army). The stated goal is to protect the country and the state of Florida from alleged potential spies.

From the beginning of 2024, similar measures will also apply to American students who, for one reason or another, have previously lived abroad for more than three years. At the same time, usually all documents submitted by students are sent by the university to the law enforcement agencies of the state, which are directly subordinate to the governor's office.

U.S. universities are now required to monitor and report to law enforcement agencies on the travel of both faculty and undergraduate and graduate students abroad. This applies not only to the participation of the entire student audience in conferences, but also to their vacation trips or tourist trips. And this is especially true for those who dare to visit one of the seven countries mentioned above.

All this creates a tense atmosphere both in the student and teaching environment. Since the entire leadership of universities in Florida does not want to violate the laws of the state in order not to lose their jobs and studies, no indulgences are provided for anyone in this screening of undesirables.

As a result, the Chinese and Iranians are already looking for ways to continue their research and study at universities in other US states. In fact, the only way out for them now is either to leave Florida and its universities altogether, or to refuse to study in America, which once so actively invited them, replacing it with other countries where they can get an equally high-quality education.

In January-February 2024, a story about Chinese students who were interrogated while crossing the US border at Washington's Dulles Airport received wide publicity[379]. Under the pretext of protecting national security interests, U.S. law enforcement officials "tortured" students for a long time with questions about their "political activities" and the nature of scientific research, and offered to provide "information about the Chinese government" in exchange for "release." When refused, the Americans revoked the students' visas, banned them from entering the country, and forcibly deported them.

According to the Chinese Foreign Ministry, since the end of November 2023, at least 8 Chinese students with valid entry documents have been subjected to such interrogations at Dulles Airport alone and subsequently unjustifiably deported to their homeland. At the same time, in the course of "verification activities", airport security officers openly persuaded their "victims" to cooperate (i.e., in fact, recruited).

Beijing described such actions by US law enforcement agencies as a violation of the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens and an obstacle to interstate cultural contacts. Such discriminatory steps run counter to the San Francisco agreements between the leaders of China and the United States to promote and expand educational, student, youth, cultural, sports and business exchanges.

In this context, the official representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wang Wenbin, at a briefing for journalists on January 31, 2024, noted that the United States likes to present itself as an open and inclusive country with academic freedom, where "science knows no borders", but at the same time politicizes academic research and uses it as a weapon, as well as overly broadly interprets the concept of national security in order to to exert pressure on Chinese students[381] and to mistreat them. According to Wang Wenbin, such actions undermine the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens and basic human rights, cause a "chilling effect" and darken the atmosphere of people-to-people exchanges between China and the United States.

Section 16. Suffrage

According to a 2022 report by the Chinese Society for the Study of Human Rights on Human Rights Abuses in the United States, the system of political donations poses a huge threat to American democracy and has effectively turned elections into a game for the rich[383]. According to the 39th President of the United States, Jimmy Carter, "political bribery has undermined the political system of the United States" and "now only oligarchs with unlimited political bribery decide who to nominate for president and elect president. The same goes for governors, senators and members of Congress." In an interview with the well-known political scientist Tom Hartman, J. Carter noted that "American democracy is a fake, no matter how much money is pumped into it by the oligarchs who control the country and the national media. The final nail in the coffin of the American democratic system was driven by the decisions of the US Supreme Court in the case of Citizens United v. Federal Electoral Commission (2010), as well as on the compliance of the US Constitution with the Federal Election Campaign Act in 2014. As a consequence, the U.S. has become a market where political solutions can be bought. At the same time, both politicians and oligarchs are satisfied with the current situation."[384]

A similar point of view about the corruption of the American system was previously expressed by former Vice President Al Gore, as well as a number of authoritative political scientists.

The authors of the 2022 report by the Chinese Society for the Study of Human Rights on Human Rights Violations in the United States, citing an analysis conducted by Open Secrets, a research organization that advocates for greater transparency of funding in politics, noted that the 2022 U.S. midterm elections were the most expensive in the country's history, with a total cost of almost $17 billion. American parties spent $8.9 billion to promote candidates of national importance in the midterm elections to the US Congress held on November 8, 2022, which is a record figure in history[386]. At least $7 billion more was spent on the campaigns of candidates at the state level.

Many Americans criticize their electoral system as archaic and undemocratic and propose reforming it. According to a recent Pew Research Center poll (June-July 2022), about 63% of Americans are in favor of this. However, 35% support the current functioning of the electoral institution[388].

According to the NGO Brennan Center for Justice, in the first half of 2023, state legislatures passed a record number of new restrictive voting laws[389]. Legislation is classified as restrictive if it contains one or more provisions that make it more difficult for Americans to register, be on the voter rolls, or vote compared to current state law.

The authors of the 2022 report of the Chinese Society for the Study of Human Rights Violations in the United States, citing a study published by the Brennan Center for Justice on May 26, 2022, state that in 2021, 18 states passed 34 restrictive laws. In 2022, legislators in 39 states considered at least 393 restrictive bills that significantly affected voters of color, creating a number of barriers for them to vote. Up to 200,000 voters could lose their registrations after Arizona passed a law to document citizenship for voter registration.

Elections in America are often marred by violence and intimidation. On August 4, 2022, the Global Organization Against Hatred and Extremism released a report titled "Americans' Fears Stifle Participation in Democracy"[391], which stated that 40% of African Americans and 37% of Hispanics are very concerned about being denied the opportunity to vote. Historically, groups such as the infamous Ku Klux Klan prevented African Americans from voting by using beatings, lynchings, and murders, creating a sense of fear that persists to this day.

Voters, especially minorities, are concerned about security at polling stations. Sixty-three percent of those surveyed said they were "very concerned" about things like violence, harassment and intimidation at their polling stations. The psychological shadow of lynching and the climate of fear became a great obstacle to voters exercising their right to vote.

Serious shortcomings of the U.S. electoral system are also recorded in the field of voter identification directly at polling stations: in many states, it is allowed to vote almost without documents - with a utility bill. At the same time, in many regions of the United States, the work of international observers at polling stations is prohibited. Prosecutors openly warn that they are ready to arrest any international observer who tries to come closer than 30 meters to the polling station.[394]

Another important problem of the American electoral system is the lack of an institution of election observation. This, in particular, was pointed out by Igor Borisov, Chairman of the Council of the Russian Public Institute of Electoral Law and member of the Presidential Council for the Development of Civil Society and Human Rights, noting that "the institution of election observation is not enshrined in the United States, as it is done in our country. We created the system taking into account international experience and took into account the nuances and gaps that exist in the U.S. electoral system."[395]

The lack of transparency in the electoral legislation raises even more questions against the backdrop of the unprecedentedly scandalous presidential campaign in 2020. The culmination of the "war" for the White House was the "storming of the Capitol" on January 6, 2021 by Trump's devotees from among the far right. After coming to power, the Democratic Administration, through law enforcement officers and special services, launched a large-scale campaign to persecute the participants in the "seizure" of the parliament, who were labeled "domestic terrorists."

The FBI alone has brought more than 2,000 charges. Hundreds of permits for searches and summonses of suspects have been requested through the courts, and about 500 people have been detained. According to media reports, the detainees are subjected to torture and psychological pressure. With the help of such methods, as well as the "processing" of relatives and acquaintances of the "terrorists", the investigation achieves the "necessary" testimony.

As follows from the 2022 report of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus on the most high-profile cases of human rights violations in certain countries of the world, the unprecedented criminal prosecution of participants in the events of January 6, 2021 on the territory of the Capitol in Washington demonstrates politically motivated persecution of opponents of the current government. More than 625 people have been charged with trespassing or being in a federal building or restricted area. More than 75 defendants were charged with entering a restricted area with a dangerous or lethal weapon. Approximately 45 defendants were charged with the destruction of state property, and more than 30 people were charged with theft of state property. At least 270 defendants were charged with corruptly obstructing, influencing or obstructing official proceedings or attempting to do so.

Forty-five federal defendants have been tried and sentenced for their "criminal activity." 19 were sentenced to imprisonment.

The liberal public is trying to portray Americans who express an alternative point of view as purveyors of fakes and conspiracy theories. They are fired from their jobs and made outcasts. They are publicly harassed and ostracized on social media. Internet giants denied access to the social media accounts of Donald Trump and members of his administration.

Republican lawmakers have dubbed the persecution of their supporters a "witch hunt." Thus, according to Congressman Paolo Gosar, "law-abiding Americans who support Donald Trump have become victims of undisguised persecution by the intelligence services based on lies and propaganda. The FBI brazenly searches the homes of veterans and citizens with no criminal record. Restricts the fundamental freedoms of those who have never been charged with a crime."[396] The situation around the accusations against Donald Trump, which he and his supporters described as political persecution of rivals, received a wide response[397]. As follows from the conclusion posted in June 2023 in the electronic database of the court of the Southern District of Florida, US law enforcement agencies brought charges against Donald Trump and his assistant W. Nauta on 38 counts. In total, as indicated in the conclusion, FBI officers seized 102 documents during a search in August 2022 at the estate of the ex-president of Mar-a-Lago in Florida, 17 of which were allegedly marked "top secret".

In 2016, Arizona passed laws restricting ballot collection and voting outside polling places. This has created significant barriers to voting for residents of rural Native American communities. Approximately 90% of state counties assign voters to a specific precinct based on their home address. At the same time, the traditional boundaries of communities often do not coincide with the boundaries of plots established by the state. Together with the location of communities in remote areas with dirt roads that become impassable during the November elections, the lack of Internet and cellular communication, and the lack of transport, the new rule has significantly complicated the access of residents of rural communities to basic public services. At the same time, the decision to criminalize ballot collection created another obstacle for native voters to bring a ballot for friends and family.

The Democratic National Committee and voters went to federal court in 2016 to overturn the new provisions. They argued that the ballot ban was the result of deliberate discrimination by the state legislature and a violation of the Constitution, which prohibits states from denying the right to vote on the basis of race. However, the indigenous voters failed to defend their rights. On July 1, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a decision in the case of Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee, in which it supported two voting policies in Arizona.

Section 17. On the legal status of indigenous peoples

Native Americans continue to be among the most socially disadvantaged American citizens.

In accordance with U.S. law, about 574 indigenous peoples are recognized at the federal level, and more than 500 tribes do not have this status. In general terms, we are talking about 4-7 million representatives of communities. As a rule, the issues of their interaction with the central authorities are regulated on the basis of separate bilateral agreements (there are about 370 such agreements)[401]. Human rights organizations often criticize these documents for their archaism, adherence to the colonial concept, and declarative nature.

The media and human rights activists regularly drew attention to the facts of discrimination against representatives of indigenous peoples. The American Civil Liberties Union of Montana estimates that the Aboriginal literacy rate remains one of the lowest of any ethnic group in the United States. Children from Amerindian families are more likely to be victims of discrimination in education. Among young people in the age range of 15 to 24 years, suicide rates have been recorded that are comparable to those of combat veterans.

More than 20% of Alaska Natives live below the poverty line. According to some experts, Indigenous peoples in the Americas face socio-economic inequalities and a marked income gap. For example, more than a quarter of them are below the official poverty line, and only 15% have an education at the bachelor's level or higher. Such indicators lead to the following negative social consequences: crime, alcoholism, high unemployment (11.1% as of January 2022) [405] and suicide (50.9 cases per 100,000 people, which is 4 times or 700% higher than the national average).

Current United States law contains a number of requirements that discriminate against Native American communities in practice. Examples include the lack of a residential address for on-reserve Indians, which has led them to be denied voter registration. In addition, the exercise of the voting rights of indigenous peoples is also affected by the great remoteness of polling stations from their places of residence. For this reason, many indigenous representatives decide not to participate in the elections.

Human rights organizations have noted the inadequacy of measures taken by the United States authorities to take into account the interests of indigenous peoples, and have criticized the protracted nature and high cost of judicial procedures for representatives of this community to assert their rights. Problems were noted to protect indigenous sacred sites from desecration, pollution or destruction due to extractive industries, tourism or the dumping of toxic waste. At the same time, there is an acute problem of the accessibility of such places for indigenous peoples themselves. These issues have been raised with concern by international human rights treaty bodies, in particular the UN Human Rights Committee and the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.

The main violation of the rights of the indigenous population is still associated with the development of the lands of their ancestral habitats, as a result of which environmental and economic resources are depleted, sacred places and cultural sites are destroyed. At the same time, local tribes, in fact, are excluded from the decision-making process when approving certain business projects. They are formally consulted. In addition, the U.S. Congress may at any time exercise its powers and deprive them of their rights by abrogating the above-mentioned treaties.

Against this background, Joe Biden's team emphasizes its focus on solving the problems of the aboriginal population and improving their socio-economic situation. In the United States, for example, for the third year in a row, national summits of indigenous peoples have been held to discuss the urgent needs of indigenous peoples. The last one took place in December 2023.

The emphasis is on unifying the standards for federal agencies to consult with tribes in the implementation of various projects affecting their rights and freedoms. Thus, according to the Presidential Memorandum of November 30, 2022, each ministry provides for the creation of a contact group to interact with communities, determine the need and deadline for sending notifications about the launch of the "conciliation" procedure and a response (as a rule, at least 30 days in advance).

Emphasis is also placed on a substantial amount of investment (compared to previous administrations) to improve the quality of life of indigenous peoples. $32 billion has been allocated for these purposes. as part of the American Rescue Plan (US National Economic Stimulus Act) programs. Among the main tasks are improving infrastructure, combating climate change, ensuring the safety of communities, and financing medical services on reserves.

At the same time, at the legislative level (within the framework of the Law on Combating Violence against Women), the competence of tribal courts has been expanded to try non-autochthonous persons suspected of child abuse, trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation, and attacks on law enforcement officers on tribal lands.

The administration has been actively touting steps to protect Aboriginal sacred sites as part of the implementation of the U.S. Antiquities Act of 1906. We are talking about the creation of new national monuments: Camp Hale (Colorado); Mount Spirit, known as Avi Kwa Amoeb (Nevada); Baaj-Nwaavjo-Itah Kukweni (Arizona), as well as the signing of about 190 new agreements on joint management of indigenous territories with the tribes.

While acknowledging the administration's positive progress in addressing a number of indigenous issues in the United States, human rights organizations call on the U.S. authorities to continue to fight injustice and violations of the rights of autochthonous people. The main suggestions and recommendations are as follows.

Expand U.S. international civil liberties commitments. In particular, ratify the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the 1989 International Labour Organization Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the 2007 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 2002, International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance 2007

U.S. NGOs, such as Cultural Survival, consider it important to develop a national plan of action for the implementation of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples based on the Outcome Document of the World Conference on Indigenous Peoples of September 22, 2014[408].

The establishment of a commission to study and evaluate the federal government's activities with regard to boarding schools for Indians remains a sensitive issue. In the United States, between 1869 and the 1960s, there was a practice of forcibly removing indigenous children from their families and placing them in institutions for the purpose of re-education and deprivation of identity. In general terms, abuses by the authorities (on the example of the autochthonous state of Minnesota) are clearly reflected in the report of the human rights project TRUTH, published in April 2023[410].

A special point among the social activists is the decision on the release from prison of the above-mentioned representative of the aborigines, Leonard Peltier,[411] who was convicted of the murder of two FBI officers on the Pine Ridge Reservation (South Dakota) in 1975. Native Americans tend to view him as a political prisoner.

From the point of view of the environmental agenda, human rights activists proceed from the need to strictly observe the principle of "tribal sovereignty". In their view, economic activities in indigenous areas (including energy and infrastructure) should be carried out after proper (rather than declared) consultation with them, as well as their free, prior and informed consent to such projects. Specialized NGOs note the relevance of further work on reforming US legislation in the field of mining and minerals[413].

The land issue is still unresolved. Between 1887 and 1934, the United States authorities confiscated 90 million acres (36 million hectares) from the indigenous population, more than two-thirds of all land belonging to Indian reservations, free of charge and in violation of earlier agreements. Although in 1934 the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt launched the process of repurchase of land for the autochthonous peoples of the United States, as of today, less than 8% of the previously confiscated areas have been compensated.

It is estimated that the indigenous peoples of the U.S. have lost 98.9% of their historical land base since European settlers began colonizing the continent. More than 42% of tribes currently do not have federally or stately recognized land, and present-day tracts still owned by tribes average 2.6% of the size of their estimated historical area.

The researchers note that as a result of the near-total loss of tribal lands, indigenous peoples are forced to live in areas that, on average, are more exposed to global warming risks, such as extreme heat and reduced rainfall. For example, the Mojave Tribe (living along the Colorado River), for example, experiences an average of 62 more days of extreme heat per year than on historic lands. Nearly half of the tribes live in places with a high risk of wildfires.

Mining poses a threat to the health of the indigenous population directly living near or on sites with relevant facilities, and negatively affects the ecosystem that has developed in the area where they live[414]. At the same time, the consequences are felt even after the completion of the work. For example, in 2015, the abandoned Gold King mine spilled and contaminated the lands of the Ute and Navajo Hill tribes with arsenic, lead and other metals. In total, there are more than 160,000 abandoned mines in the western United States, posing a danger to indigenous peoples.

The rights of the Indians to fish resources are protected by a number of treaties with the central authorities, which in practice are not fully realized. For example, in the Salmon River Mountains of Idaho, an open-pit mine is planned to produce gold and antimony for solar power packs. According to Perpetua Corporation, the proposed work will have "disproportionately high and adverse impacts" on the local ecosystem as a result of the diversion of water flows, their pollution with mercury and other harmful substances. This activity can destroy up to 20% of salmon and trout. For the Nez Perce tribes and many other indigenous peoples of the region, these bioresources are not only a source of sustenance, but are also used in religious ceremonies.

In general, the United States has gained experience in approving permits for the implementation of business projects that have obvious negative consequences for indigenous peoples and do not take their opinion into account. This includes, for example, the Dakota Access, Keystone XL, and Line 3 pipelines.

In the same vein is the opposition of the Kuchin people (Alaska) to plans for oil production in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The main complaint is that the construction of infrastructure threatens to affect the population of reindeer (caribou), whose meat forms the basis of the diet of the local population. In 2021, the Biden administration suspended the implementation of projects in the area.

In March 2023, the US authorities approved a project allowing the American energy corporation ConocoPhillips to drill oil wells in the northwestern territories of Alaska - only in three areas. In a comment on the decision, ConocoPhillips noted that the wells will produce up to 180,000 barrels of oil per day. The project is expected to generate between $8 billion and $17 billion in new revenue for the federal government, the state of Alaska, and communities in the North Slope region. Environmental activists oppose the project and insist that drilling in Alaska would be a climate disaster and contrary to the administration's policy of transitioning to clean energy.

In the Inio Mountains of Death Valley, California, K2 Gold plans to build an open-pit cyanide heap leaching pit for gold mining. The indigenous population of the region, including the Shoshone tribe, opposes development, the construction of roads in places where reindeer migrate, hunting, gathering edible and medicinal plants, and performing rituals.

In Alaska, the Ambler Road project aims to create infrastructure for copper and zinc mines in the northwestern region of the state. The implementation of this initiative is fraught with the pollution of local waterways and wetlands, the disappearance of flora and fauna used for food. The leaders of the Tanana, Huslia, Allakaket, Alatna, and Evansville tribes filed a class action lawsuit against the U.S. government in connection with the implementation of the program without proper consultation with the autochthonous population. The Ministry of the Interior demanded that the permits remain in force. At the same time, in February 2023, the councils of the Allakaket and Huslia tribes dropped the claims[423]. However, the lawsuit continues. The central authorities consult with the tribes. Additional assessments by ecologists were requested[424].

A significant proportion of the developments affect lands of significant religious or sacred significance to indigenous peoples, especially in the southwestern United States. On the ancestral lands of the Tohono-O'odham, Pasqua, Yaqui, and Hopi tribes in Arizona, Hudbay Minerals is developing the Rosemont Mine (an open-pit gold mine in the Santa Ritas) Mountains. These lands contain burial grounds, sacred sites, and essential resources for the tribes such as water, fish, and game. The affected indigenous population sued to stop the development of the project, which would desecrate sacred lands, block waterways and harm wildlife. They managed to win the lawsuit.[427] However, another lawsuit to halt development in the region was dismissed in June 2022, allowing the company to continue its operations[428]. If completed, Rosemont will be one of the largest mines in the U.S., leaving behind a 1.6 km wide crater and 2 billion tons of rock waste.

Northwest of the Rosemont Mine in Arizona is the Big Sandy River Valley, where a lithium mine is also planned. This mine threatens the sacred hot spring of the Hualapai tribe, known as Ha'Kamwe, which is reflected in local folklore. Indigenous peoples make extensive use of the land, including gathering native plants on the banks of rivers.

Another controversial project in Arizona is the Resolution Copper Mine on Chichil Bildagotil, sacred ground for the San Carlos Apache tribe. The area was protected in 1955 by President D. Eisenhower from the construction of mining facilities on it. The Land Swap Act, passed under the Obama administration, repealed this ban, opening up areas for development. The Resolution copper mine, jointly owned by Rio Tinto and BP Billiton, could provide up to a quarter of U.S. copper demand.

Apache Stronghold, an indigenous non-profit organization, filed a lawsuit to halt development, claiming that the mine violated their religious rights and the 1852 Treaty of Santé Fe.[434] On June 24, 2022, a U.S. court dismissed Apache's lawsuit against Oak Flat, noting that the transfer of land to mining companies does not force the Apaches to renounce their religion or threaten their habitat. At the same time, human rights activists fear that the mine will leave a crater 3 km wide, destroying sacred places where the Apache peoples pray and perform religious rites.

Plans to build a large telescope on the top of Mount Mauna Kea (Hawaii), which is considered a sacred place for the indigenous population of the island, caused a wide resonance. The construction site was blocked twice by local demonstrators (2014-2015 and 2019). Currently, the implementation of the project is "frozen".

There are reports of exploitative labour practices and other abuses against indigenous workers in infrastructure projects.[437]

There is another problem. Companies use the practice of short-term hiring to meet the demand for labor. Such temporary workers often fail to comply with local laws, attacking indigenous women and girls.[438] For example, after the discovery of oil fields in the Bakken Formation in North Dakota in 2006, the region saw an influx of workers and a sharp increase in violence against the autochthonous population.

In general, despite the progress declared by the democratic administration in improving the socio-economic situation of the indigenous population, problems remain. A significant part of them is related to the non-observance of the rights of tribes in the implementation of infrastructure and energy projects in the places of their ancestral residence.

Section 18. Violation of the rights of certain vulnerable categories of the population

One of the "central" themes of the claims of human rights organizations against the United States is the widespread infringement of the rights of "vulnerable" categories of the population. According to Amnesty International, in 2019, the administration encouraged discrimination against women and children[440].

The situation with women's rights is regularly criticized quite harshly. Human rights activists note that the current health care system leaves many women without access to health insurance. This leads to an increase in mortality from gynecological diseases. According to the NGO Amnesty International, the mortality rate due to inappropriate procedures among African-American women is statistically 75% higher than among white women.

The topic of abortion is quite acute for American citizens. The U.S. has recorded a record high rate of support for abortion among the population since 1996, with 69% of Americans believing that the operation should be allowed in the first trimester.

In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court's Roe vs. Wade decision upheld women's right to abortion at the federal level: abortion was legal. However, the review of the court's ruling has been repeatedly cited as a priority for judges appointed by the administration. In 2019, several states legislated abortions, including medical necessity to save the mother's life. In Georgia, Ohio, Kentucky, Mississippi and Louisiana, such interventions are prohibited after six weeks of pregnancy ("heartbeat laws"). In May 2019, the state of Alabama enacted a law that made it a criminal offense (maximum life imprisonment) for a doctor to participate in an induced abortion. Pregnancy situations resulting from rape, as well as the need for an abortion procedure for medical reasons, fell under the scope of this act.

In the first half of 2019, human rights activists documented cases of "administrative pressure" on medical personnel specializing in abortion in many states[443]. We are talking about the implementation of strict sanitary requirements for medical institutions that have permission to perform abortions (size of premises, number of staff, etc.).

In August 2019, the U.S. administration decided to prohibit doctors who receive federal funding from providing women with all possible information about the course of pregnancy and the possibilities for managing and terminating it.

In June 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the Roe vs. Wade decision, officially transferring the matter to the states.

Public opinion reacted to this decision quite sharply. For example, Saeed Khan, a professor at Wayne State University in Detroit, noted that many of those who were previously ambivalent about abortion are concerned about the severity of restrictions in individual states and fear that this could affect their reproductive rights.

Almost immediately after the verdict was announced, the most conservative leadership (in most cases Republican) began to tighten the rules regarding such operations. For example, 14 states currently have a complete ban on abortion, and six more have abortion deadlines ranging from six to 18 weeks.

In April 2023, Idaho became the first region to criminalize helping minors terminate their pregnancies with surgery or medication in another state. This can be punishable by two to five years in prison.

In general, the United States occupies one of the leading places among developed countries in terms of mortality of women due to "clandestine" abortions. At the same time, according to sociological surveys, about three-quarters of citizens are in favor of legislating the right to terminate a pregnancy – at least for medical reasons and in order to save a woman's life.

The Special Rapporteur of the UN Human Rights Council on violence against women, Reem Alsalem, the Chair of the HRC Working Group on Discrimination against Women and Girls, Dorothy Estrada-Tank, and the HRC Special Rapporteur on Torture, Alice Edwards, criticized the above decision of the Supreme Court.

In particular, they pointed out that the court's decision was a violation of international human rights law. Abortion bans in 14 states have made abortion virtually unavailable, depriving millions of women and girls in the country of one of their most basic rights: the right to comprehensive health care, including sexual and reproductive health care.

The experts also stated that such bans can lead to violations of women's rights to privacy, physical integrity and autonomy, freedom of expression, freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief, equality and non-discrimination, as well as freedom from torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and gender-based violence.

Human rights defenders noted that women and girls from poor backgrounds, marginalized communities, including migrant communities, racial and ethnic minority women, and women experiencing domestic violence are disproportionately affected by abortion bans. The exceptions provided for in the prohibitions are not sufficient. For example, they do not always take into account medical indications for abortion, including extremely dangerous conditions. The Supreme Court's decision has also had a negative impact on doctors and other health care professionals, who may face legal consequences for decisions to provide women with health services, including life-saving abortions or fetal tissue removal in women with incomplete miscarriages.

Abortion bans in many U.S. states have been accompanied by a erosion of the right to privacy, according to U.N. experts, as law enforcement officials increasingly use electronic databases to track those who are trying to get an abortion and those who help them. Most of this data can be accessed without a warrant.

In this context, the experts called on U.S. authorities at both the federal and local levels to take action to ensure access to safe and legal abortion.

Section 19. Restrictions on the rights of citizens to a healthy environment

Washington continues its policy of repealing domestic regulations aimed at protecting and ensuring a favorable environment and the health of the country's population.

At the same time, journalists who have critically covered the activities of government agencies responsible for environmental regulation in the United States are under attack[448].

In July 2019, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) decided to continue using chloropyrite. This pesticide is used to increase crop yields and, according to numerous studies, often leads to developmental delays in children. The EPA has also relaxed the current rules for regulating the circulation of coal slag, a highly toxic by-product obtained during coal mining and which is the second most intensive source of environmental pollution in the United States. This legal norm has led to an increase in the level of water and air pollution to dangerous levels. There was also a deterioration in the health of the population in the vicinity of coal mining facilities[449].

In September 2019, the administration repealed key regulations regarding clean water standards. These standards determined the permissible level of contaminants and chemicals in water. Now industrialists rely only on local legislation, which inevitably leads to the deterioration of the environmental situation and significant restrictions on the rights of citizens to a healthy environment.

Section 20. Violations of the rights of Russian citizens and compatriots in the United States

In recent years, there has been a clear increase in Russophobic sentiments in the United States against the backdrop of anti-Russian rhetoric from local officials and the media. The situation with respect for the rights of Russian citizens remains extremely depressing.

The Russophobia imposed by the US authorities has had a negative impact on the situation of immigrants from Russia (the United States is home to one of the largest Russian diasporas in the world, numbering, according to the 2020 census, more than 2.8 million people, or 0.8% of the total population).

For example, in 2021, about three hundred Russian compatriots permanently residing in the United States were persecuted by US intelligence services on far-fetched grounds, as a result of which their legitimate rights to preserve their national cultural identity and freely maintain ties with Russia were grossly violated. As a result, some representatives of the Coordinating Council of Organizations of Russian Compatriots in the United States (CCORS) were forced to leave the United States, including its head, E. Branson, and its executive secretary, S. Gladysh. Under these conditions, the Coordination Council decided on November 18, 2021 to suspend its activities. In a statement published by the CCORS, it is noted that the American authorities have created unacceptable conditions for continuing work to consolidate the community, promote the Russian language, and hold commemorative events.

Russian compatriots were subjected to searches, interrogations, and psychological pressure, and their personal belongings and documents, including electronic devices, were confiscated. Such actions were carried out under the pretext of investigating the activities of the KSORS without registering as a foreign agent.

Attempts to intimidate Russian citizens by punishing them for "maintaining ties" with the Russian Embassy and Russian consular offices in the United States were made earlier, in the run-up to the US presidential election.

Members of the CCORC informed the Russian Foreign Ministry, the Government Commission on Compatriots Living Abroad, and the Foundation for the Support and Protection of the Rights of Compatriots Living Abroad about the claims of the US law enforcement agencies in relation to the organization's public activities, and asked them to take measures to resolve them.

Russia's position on the inadmissibility of exerting pressure on compatriots and violating their right to maintain ties with their historical homeland has been repeatedly brought to the attention of the US authorities.

After the start of a special military operation by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation on February 24, 2022 to denazify and demilitarize Ukraine and protect the civilian population of Donbass, Russophobia in the United States intensified, actively fueled by the American media and official rhetoric.

At the instigation of the American ruling circles, a campaign was launched to "abolish everything Russian," which surpassed even the anti-communist hysteria of the McCarthy era.

The anti-Russian hysteria has spread to the everyday level. Restaurants and cafes serving Russian cuisine, cultural centers, Russian Orthodox churches and cemeteries are being vandalized.

For example, in May 2023, the chapel of the Iveron Icon at the Orthodox cemetery in Washington, D.C., was desecrated (the fresco of St. John of Shanghai was sprayed with paint, and the walls were smeared)[451].

Among the first to face aggression at the everyday level were the owners of shops and restaurants who used the word "Russian" in the names of their establishments or included dishes of Russian cuisine in the menu. This mainly manifested itself in the form of petty acts of hooliganism – offensive graffiti on walls and shop windows, negative reviews on websites, anonymous threatening calls. However, this contributed to the spread of fear among restaurateurs. For example, the owner of the restaurant "Russia House" in Austin (Texas) Varda M. decided to rename her establishment simply "Dom".

Svetlana Savchits, the owner of the Sveta restaurant in the Manhattan neighborhood of New York, who immigrated to the United States from Ukraine in 1993, receives dozens of threats and insults every day. Because of this, she is forced to regularly complain to the police. As a result of the harassment, Svetlana changed the gastronomic orientation of the restaurant, now calling it an institution with dishes of Eastern European cuisine.

Igor Kochin, President of the Russian Youth of America Society, in an interview with FAN, confirmed the strengthening of Russophobia in the United States. According to him, the negative attitude is felt more and more strongly, however, so far signs "Russians are not allowed to enter" are hung on the doors of catering establishments, and they have not yet begun to write "we do not take Russians" in job advertisements.

I. Kochin, in particular, noted that Russians faced pressure and bullying of children in schools, and began to lose their jobs. According to him, immigrants from Russia are increasingly faced with the loss of sources of income. Discrimination in the United States is prosecuted by law, but it is very difficult to prove the fact of oppression on the basis of nationality. Because of such a negative background, many emigrants, even those who have achieved serious success abroad, began to consider the possibility of returning to Russia. Anti-Russian sentiment in American society affects not only the attitude of colleagues towards immigrants from Russia, but also destroys families. There have been cases when American spouses stopped communicating, talking, and even letting their Russian spouses go home.

Russian scientists were excluded from American projects, which in some cases caused concern among the local scientific community (for example, on the joint study of the Arctic). It got to the point where Democratic Congressman Eric Swalwell called for "the expulsion of Russian students from American universities." The Russians were denied certificates by the ECFMG, a company that licensed foreign doctors. U.S. cancer associations have pushed the global network of oncologists OncoAlert to exclude Russia from its membership. The Space Foundation has changed the name of the annual Yuri's Night, dedicated to the first manned flight into space, to the Celebration of Space.

Activists of the Russian-speaking diaspora are being persecuted. Loyal Russian compatriots are threatened with criminal prosecution under the pretext of violating the law on foreign agents adopted back in 1938.

The U.S. authorities have begun work to erase the historical memory of the pages of fruitful cooperation between the peoples of Russia and America. In 2022-2023, the Embassy was denied permission to hold the annual wreath-laying ceremony at Arlington Cemetery in Washington, D.C., to commemorate the meeting of Soviet and American troops on the Elbe in April 1945.

Serious aggression against Russians and ordinary Russian-speakers comes from a number of aggressive representatives of the Ukrainian community living in the United States. Fears of attacks have led Russians, like Jews in a number of European countries, to avoid speaking their native language in public. In this regard, I. Kochin also noted the loyal attitude of the US police to the facts of discrimination against Russian speakers. Compatriots fear that this will have the greatest impact on the organization of pro-Russian events. In the past, when pro-Russian rallies took place, nationalist-minded people often came to their participants and tried to interfere with the events. They even had confrontations with the police. However, now, according to compatriots, there is no reason to expect protection from law enforcement agencies.

Having even a minimal connection to Russia can be a reason for physical violence. An example of this is the attack on an American blogger, a resident of Brooklyn, by his Ukrainian neighbor. It was provoked by the fact that the man had the imprudence to unfurl the flag of the Somali unit on the street - a gift received by mail from his subscriber from the Donetsk People's Republic. For this, he received a blow to the face, which broke his tooth. The assailant chased him for several more blocks, shouting racist slurs. He has already been charged, including with a hate crime, and an injunction against approaching the blogger has been issued. At the same time, the latter has both Russian and Ukrainian roots[455].

In July 2022, the US Department of Justice added the Center for the Support and Development of Public Initiatives-Creative Diplomacy (ANO), an autonomous non-profit organisation, and its head Nikolai Burlinova personally to the sanctions list on the grounds that they "acted or intended to act in the interests of, directly or indirectly, the Government of the Russian Federation" in violation of local legislation on foreign agents.

In April 2023, US law enforcement agencies charged Natalya Burlinova with attempting to "recruit" American scientists and researchers to travel to Russia as part of the Meeting Russia programme, and the FBI officially put her on the wanted list. Following this, the social activist was included in the list of the notorious Myrotvorets website as "a person subject to immediate detention and transfer to law enforcement agencies of Ukraine or NATO countries."

Such aggressive steps by the US authorities are yet another example of the West's undisguised brutal pressure on representatives of expert, scientific and academic circles, which requires an adequate response in the public and international legal spheres.

Many Russian-speaking citizens have faced harassment at work. They are often threatened, including personally threatened, and physical violence is used by the hostile Ukrainian diaspora (for example, when performing domestic patriotic songs).

Rubik, a popular Internet resource in the United States, published messages from its readers about the manifestations of discrimination they faced. Among other things, cases of discrimination and aggression against Russian children in schools, prejudice and nagging of immigrants from Russia at work, especially on the part of Ukrainian company owners, were also indicated. There has been a serious increase in insults on the Internet and social media[456].

The imposition of Russophobia and its visual manifestations can reach the point of complete absurdity. After the start of the Russian special military operation, stickers with the Ukrainian flag at the entrance to shops, cafes, clinics, dry cleaners and other public places became common in the United States. At the same time, it is not uncommon for specialists working there to explain to their Russian clients that in this way they simply get rid of unnecessary conversations.

There were attempts to replace the national culture with the Ukrainian one. Examples are the replacement of Tchaikovsky's "Slavic March" in the repertoire of the University of South Carolina Orchestra with Mussorgsky's "The Great Gates of Kiev", as well as the launch of Ukrainian language courses in a number of American higher educational institutions instead of Russian, and not in addition to the list of foreign languages studied at these universities.

Art historians and the management of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York ranked the Russian painters I.K. Aivazovsky[457], A.I. Kuindzhi[458] and I.E. Repin[459] among Ukrainian artists (later I.K. Aivazovsky was recognized as an Armenian). Most of our American colleagues in the "cultural workshop" welcomed the Russophobic innovation. She also approved of the Metropolitan's renaming of the title of E. Degas's work "Russian Dancer" to "Dancer in Ukrainian Attire"[460].

In the United States, concerts and exhibitions with the participation of Russian performers were canceled (including the annual literary evenings in New York dedicated to the work of Alexander Pushkin).

On February 24, 2022, the management of Carnegie Hall in New York announced that Russian conductor Vladimir Gergiev will not conduct the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra at three concerts. At the same time, the participation of the Russian pianist D.L. Matsuev in the concert scheduled for February 25, 2022 was canceled[461].

Works of Russian classics were withdrawn from the programs of orchestras and theaters. The U.S. authorities are systematically seeking the suspension of Russian athletes, coaches and referees from participating in international sports competitions. At the same time, Russian cultural figures and athletes were required to publicly condemn "Russia's policy in Ukraine."

On April 6, 2022, the Boston Athletic Association, a non-profit organization that claims to promote a healthy lifestyle as its main goal, announced its decision to ban Russian and Belarusian athletes resident in these two countries from participating in the annual Boston Marathon. At the same time, non-residents are allowed to compete regardless of their citizenship. Until further notice, the organization refused to recognize any designation by athletes of affiliation with Russia and Belarus, including the use of their national flags.

At the same time, the U.S. side has not yet sent the reports required by the Russian competent authorities on the living conditions and upbringing of previously adopted Russian children (before the introduction of the adoption ban) in full. Correspondence and explanatory work on this issue with the relevant departments and agencies of the United States continues. [463]

The U.S. authorities are actively using the tactics of "proxy fighting" against Russia and the Russians. First of all, this is expressed in the direction of large-scale military assistance to the Kiev regime and pressure on US NATO allies to take similar measures. In addition, undisguised pressure is being exerted on sovereign states in an attempt to create a corresponding negative background around the Russian Federation in the international arena.

Transnational corporations do not just interfere in the work of the US authorities, but openly impose their own interests on the country and society. According to a number of experts, the top American leadership has fallen under the control of oligarchs over the past three decades. In the past, corporations depended on large state-controlled banks, but now the largest multinationals are mobilizing capital and public resources for their own purposes. Public authorities distribute contracts and subsidies without any public scrutiny.

U.S. politicians have traditionally been highly dependent on the largest companies. This is facilitated by the still confusing and opaque legislation in the field of campaign finance in the United States, which often turns into a competition between business lobbyists who promote candidates that are beneficial to them.

Today's American oligarchs, without a doubt, include the owners of major Internet resources, including "X" (formerly Twitter), Facebook, and YouTube. It is noteworthy that on the eve of the 2020 presidential campaign, they simultaneously blocked the accounts of Donald Trump and his supporters.

Basic norms of freedom of speech do not apply to social media. At the same time, their coverage is total, which cannot cause alarm and serious concerns in the field of ensuring and protecting human rights. The most important communication platforms are under the political control of the top American elite, whose corruption has been highlighted, among other things, against the backdrop of scandals related to the crisis in Ukraine.

The elite itself is increasingly aware of its impunity. Scandals with the son of the US president, Hunter Biden, in another era would have ruined his father's career - he received fictitious positions with huge salaries, built business schemes with the support of the ruling circles of countries friendly to Washington (including in Ukraine and Romania). Insider trading in the market by Paul Pelosi, the husband of the then Speaker of the House of Representatives, would have ruined the career of his powerful wife, as well as the reputation of the entire party. American politicians are now getting away with such things, as they are destroying the moral and ethical principles that have served as the foundation of American democracy, at least at the level of declarations, for decades.

Unchecked power in the world, the capture of new markets, and the absence of deterrents after the collapse of the Soviet Union created a sense of permissiveness among the American elite. The practice of using not only military force, but also economic instruments and information resources as a means of force is expanding.

In the eyes of the international community, such approaches give the American understanding of democracy an increasingly emasculated and manipulative character and contribute to the discrediting of democratic principles and values in general.

End Notes:

---

[1] https://www.state.gov/un-human-rights-council-statement/

[2] World Report 2022: United States / «Human Rights Watch», 01.2022. —

https://www.hrw.org

.

[3] https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/united-states

[4] https://freedomhouse.org/country/united-states/freedom-world/2024

https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map?type=fiw&year=2024&country=USA

[5] https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/un-human-rights-body-calls-out-us-failure-civil-political-rights-treaty

[6] https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/un-human-rights-body-calls-out-us-failure-civil-political-rights-treaty

[7] https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/un-human-rights-body-calls-out-us-failure-civil-political-rights-treaty

[8] 2022 Report on the United States by the Chinese Society for the Study of Human Rights. Posted March 28, 2023 https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[9] https://www.pnp.ru/in-world/kitay-opublikoval-doklad-o-narushenii-prav-cheloveka-v-ssha.html

[10] Report on the United States of the Chinese Society for the Study of Human Rights for 2022. March 2023 https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[11]https://www.refworld.org/ru/coi/countrynews/amnesty/2022/ru/146674?prevDestination=search&prevPath=/ru/

[12] Report of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus for 2023 on the most high-profile cases of human rights violations in selected countries of the world https://mfa.gov.by/kcfinder/upload/files/Press_Service/23.06.22_report_hr.pdf

[13] 2022 Report on the United States by the Chinese Society for the Study of Human Rights. Posted March 28, 2023 https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[14] 2022 Report on the United States by the Chinese Society for the Study of Human Rights. March 2023 https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[15] China Society for the Study of Human Rights USA Report 2022. March 2023 https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[16] According to the lawyer (Arkady Bukh) D. Dubnikov, the Russian was detained in Mexico by FBI agents, who took him to the Netherlands, since it is easier to organize extradition from this country. https://ria.ru/20211221/ekstraditsiya-1764789386.html

[17] https://ngs24.ru/text/criminal/2022/10/20/71750876/

[18] https://www.forbes.ru/society/480046-krasnoarskij-gubernator-otreagiroval-na-zaderzanie-syna-v-italii-po-obvineniam-ssa

[19] https://tass.ru/politika/16110685

[20] The prisons were allegedly closed in 2009 on Obama's orders, but there is evidence that they are still in active use.

[21] Amnesty International 2019 report, USA.

[22] Statement by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, May 15, 2020.

[23] Amnesty International 2019 report, USA.

[24] 2020 Report on the United States by the Chinese Society for the Study of Human Rights. March 2021 http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-03/24/c_139832301.htm

[25] https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/business/unemployment-stock-market-coronavirus.html

[26] Report of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus for 2022 on the most high-profile cases of human rights violations in selected countries of the world https://mfa.gov.by/kcfinder/upload/files/22.07.04_report_HR_2.pdf

[27] The Report on Human Rights Violations in the United States in 2021. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China. February 2022. http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/scionews/2022-02/28/content_78076572.htm

[28] The Report on Human Rights Violations in the United States in 2021. The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China. February 2022. http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/scionews/2022-02/28/content_78076572.htm

[29] 2019 U.S. Report of the Chinese Society for the Study of Human Rights, March 2020 http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/13/c_138874115.htm

[30] Human Rights Watch: https://www.hrw.org/united-states/poverty-and-economic-inequality

[31]

https://lisep.org

[32] https://www.dol.gov/newsroom/releases/bls

[33] https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-assistance-data-collaborative-research-programs/charts/costs-and-participation/

[34] http://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/demo/public-assistance/sipp-receipts.html).

[35] Feeding America, Facts about Hunger in America: https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america

[36] China Society for the Study of Human Rights 2019 U.S. Report, March 2020 http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/13/c_138874115.htm

[37] Center on Poverty & Social Policy at Columbia University: https://www.povertycenter.columbia.edu/news-internal/monthly-poverty-january-2022

[38] https://www.rbc.ru/economics/13/09/2023/6500e4959a7947b979375511

[39] 2022 U.S. Report of the Chinese Society for the Study of Human Rights. Posted March 28, 2023 https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[40] United States Census Bureau: National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2023 // https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html

[41] Most Americans Say There Is Too Much Economic Inequality in the U.S., but Fewer Than Half Call It a Top Priority. Views of economic inequality. Pew Research Center. 9 January 2020. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/01/09/views-of-economic-inequality/

[42] Доклад по США Китайского Общества по изучению прав человека за 2019 г. Март 2020 г. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/13/c_138874115.htm

[43] Most Americans Say There Is Too Much Economic Inequality in the U.S., but Fewer Than Half Call It a Top Priority. Trends in income and wealth inequality. Pew Research Center. 9 January 2020. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/01/09/trends-in-income-and-wealth-inequality/

[44] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2021 г. Февраль 2022 г. https://english.news.cn/20220228/3120e00203a94a86a85fd8ee748e1053/c.html

[45] Доклад Министерства иностранных дел Республики Беларусь за 2022 г. о наиболее резонансных случаях нарушения прав человека в отдельных странах мира https://mfa.gov.by/kcfinder/upload/files/22.07.04_report_HR_2.pdf

[46] https://www.ng.ru/news/783684.html

[47] https://www.ng.ru/news/783684.html

[48] https://www.ng.ru/news/783684.html

[49]https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=187&Lang=EN

[50]  

https://indicators.ohchr.org/

[51] Fact Sheet: The United We Stand Summit. Taking action to prevent and address hate-motivated violence and foster unity. 15.09.2022: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/15/fact-sheet-the-united-we-stand-summit-taking-action-to-prevent-and-address-hate-motivated-violence-and-foster-unity/

[52] https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/united-states

[53] «Human Rights Watch». World Report 2019. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019

[54] НПО Pew Research Center: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/05/20/safety-concerns-were-top-of-mind-for-many-black-americans-before-buffalo-shooting/

[55] Доклад Рабочей группы экспертов по лицам африканского происхождения 74-й сессии Генеральной Ассамблее ООН. Октябрь 2019 г. https://undocs.org/ru/A/74/274

[56] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2020 год. Март 2021 г. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-03/24/c_139832301.htm

[57] Stop AAPI Crime. National Report. https://stopaapihate.org/stop-aapi-hate-national-report-2/ 

[58] https://www.justice.gov/hatecrimes/hate-crime-statistics

[59] FBI releases 2021 Hate Crime Statistics. 12.12.2022: https://www.justice.gov/hatecrimes/hate-crime-statistics

[60] https://www.npr.org/2023/01/01/1145973412/researchers-say-the-fbis-statistics-on-hate-crimes-across-the-country-are-flawed

https://time.com/6240880/fbi-hate-crime-data-gaps/

[61] Hate crimes rise to highest level in 12 years amid increasing attacks on Black and Asian people, FBI says. The Washington Post. 30 August 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/hate-crimes-fbi-2020-asian-black/2021/08/30/28bede00-09a7-11ec-9781-07796ffb56fe_story.html; Hate Crime in the United States Incident Analysis. 2020. Federal Bureau of Investigation Crime Data Explorer https://crime-data-explorer.fr.cloud.gov/pages/home.

[62] Hate crimes targeting Asian Americans spiked 150% in major US cities. Voice of America. 2 March 2021.  https://www.voanews.com/usa/race-america/hate-crimes-targeting-asian-americans-spiked-150-major-us-cities

[63] CNN: NYC woman indicted on hate crime charges accused of string of anti-Asian attacks, district attorney’s office says // https://www.cnn.com/2023/Q6/01/us/new-vork-indictment-asian-attacks/index.html

[64] http://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[65] http://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[66] http://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[67] НПО Antidefamation League: Hate in the Bay State: Extremism & Antisemitism in Massachusetts, 2021-2022 // https://www.adl.org/resources/report/hate-bay-state-extremism-antisemitism-massachusetts-2021-2022

[68] https://iz.ru/1566091/andrei-kuzmak/chernymi-po-belym-novyi-sluchai-massovoi-strelby-ozhestochil-rasovye-diskussii-v-ssha

[69] https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/08/27/statement-from-president-joe-biden-on-the-shooting-in-jacksonville-florida/

[70] https://iz.ru/1566091/andrei-kuzmak/chernymi-po-belym-novyi-sluchai-massovoi-strelby-ozhestochil-rasovye-diskussii-v-ssha

[71] https://iz.ru/1566091/andrei-kuzmak/chernymi-po-belym-novyi-sluchai-massovoi-strelby-ozhestochil-rasovye-diskussii-v-ssha

[72] https://iz.ru/1566091/andrei-kuzmak/chernymi-po-belym-novyi-sluchai-massovoi-strelby-ozhestochil-rasovye-diskussii-v-ssha

[73] https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/01/26/statement-from-president-joe-biden-on-international-holocaust-remembrance-day/

[74] NGO Southern Poverty Law Center: https://www.splcenter.org/hate-map?ideology=anti-muslim

[75] NGO Antidefamation League: Audit of Antisemitic Incidents 2022 // https://www.adl.org/resources/report/audit-antisemitic-incidents-2022

[76] Survey on Jewish American's Experiences with Anti-Semitism. 31 March 2021. https://www.adl.org/blog/2021-survey-on-jewish-americans-experiences-with-antisemitism

[77] https://www.adl.org/audit-antisemitic-incidents-2021

[78] On January 6, 2021, a crowd of protesters supporting the attempts of the 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, to overturn the result of the 2020 presidential election, in which he was defeated, seized the US Capitol in order to interrupt the ongoing joint session of Congress, which met to count the electoral votes and formalize the victory of Joe Biden in elections. After breaking through the security service, causing damage, they occupied parts of the building for several hours. The assault led to the evacuation and closure of the Capitol building, and suspended a joint session of Congress to count the electoral votes and formalize Biden's victory.

[79] The US Capitol riot was full of hate symbols. Here's how to spot them - ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-12/washington-capitol-hate-symbols-race-riots-trump-antisemitism/13048516

[80] Who's behind recent rise in US anti-Semitic attacks? BBC. 28 May 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57286341; U.S. Faces Outbreak of Anti-Semitic Threats and Violence. The New York Times. 26 May 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/26/us/anti-semitism-attacks-violence.html.

[81] NY Man Attacks Hasidic Jewish Couple and Baby With Knife. Jewish Journal. 1 April 2021. https://jewishjournal.com/news/334923/ny-man-attacks-hasidic-jewish-couple-and-baby-with-knife/

[82] Holocaust survivor’s car marked with swastikas; auto center tagged with anti-Semitic message.

WSVN, 27 March 2021. https://wsvn.com/news/local/miami-dade/holocaust-survivors-car-marked-with-swastikas-auto-center-tagged-with-anti-semitic-message/

[83] CBS News. 26.01.2021.

[84] Douglas, Jack; Zapotosky, Matt; Fisher, Marc (January 22, 2022). Angry outbursts and cool determination: Inside the synagogue attacker's 18-day journey to terror . THE WASHINGTON POST. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/angry-outbursts-and-cool-determination-inside-the-synagogue-attackers-18-day-journey-to-terror/2022/01/22/2015da20-7931-11ec-83e1-eaef0fe4b8c9_story.html

[85] https://www.berkeleyside.org/2022/02/22/anti-semitic-flyers-berkeley-hills,

https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Antisemitic-flyers-found-in-San-Francisco-16800705.php.

[86] https://www.vox.com/culture/23519717/antisemitism-hatred-jews-violence

[87] https://www.npr.org/2022/11/29/1139742844/republicans-denounce-trump-dinner-white-supremacist-nick-fuentes

[88] https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/columnist/dan-wolken/2022/11/01/kyrie-irvings-antisemitic-film-endorsement-must-dealt-nba/10655972002/

[89] https://stanforddaily.com/2022/10/03/freed-ukrainian-prisoners-of-war-call-for-support-against-russia/

[90] https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/12/12/statement-from-white-house-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-on-inter-agency-group-to-counter-antisemitism/

[91] https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/U.S.-National-Strategy-to-Counter-Antisemitism.pdf

[92] https://www.state.gov/remarks-at-the-conference-of-presidents-of-major-american-jewish-organizations-antisemitism-the-interconnected-hatred/

[93] https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/01/26/statement-from-president-joe-biden-international-holocaust-remembrance-day-statement-2024/

[94] https://forward.com/news/462704/nazi-collaborator-monuments-in-united-states/

https://wisconsinexaminer.com/2021/03/29/ukrainian-baraboo-nazi-statues/

[95]https://www.holosameryky.com/a/azovstal-protest/7353938.html?withmediaplayer=1&fbclid=IwAR1skyR5C2KL1AcGM-mNwwdtFV6jHlpDR4RRlTO9z4NhSofOUNWwW_5nil4

[96] White supremacist praise of the Taliban takeover concerns US officials. CNN. 1 September 2021. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/01/politics/far-right-groups-praise-taliban-takeover/index.html; Amid Chaos, Islamist Extremists Celebrate Taliban’s Success in Afghanistan. Anti-Defamation League. 26 August 2021. https://www.adl.org/blog/amid-chaos-islamist-extremists-celebrate-talibans-success-in-afghanistan.

[97] https://www.trtrussian.com/politika/epidemiya-islamofobii-na-zapade-kto-vinovat-17375903

https://www.yenisafak.com/ru/news/11593

[98] https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/11/01/statement-from-white-house-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-on-president-bidens-establishment-of-first-ever-national-strategy-to-counter-islamophobia/

[99] https://tass.ru/politika/19695397

[100] Доклад НПО «Southern Poverty Law Center»: The Year in Hate and Extremism Report 2021.

[101] НПО Southern Poverty Law Center: https://www.splcenter.org/hate-map

[102] НПО Southern Poverty Law Center: https://www.splcenter.org/hate-map.

[103] Доклад НПО «Southern Poverty Law Center» – «Год ненависти и экстремизма – 2019». https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/yih_2020_final.pdf

[104] Доклад НПО «Southern Poverty Law Center» – «Year of hate and extremism 2020».

[105] National Security Strategy. 12.10.2022: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf

[106] The Brown Internationale. Kai Biermann, Christian Fuchs, Astrid Geisler, Yassin Musharbash,  Hogler Stark. Die Zeit. 11 February 2021. https://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2021-02/fascism-international-right-wing-extremism-neo-nazis-english/komplettansicht?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F

[107] Доклад НПО «Anti-Defamation League» «White supremacist terror: modernazing our approach to today’s threat». Апрель 2020 г. https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/White%20Supremacist%20Terror%20final.pdf Стр. 25., доклад НПО «The Soufan Center» «White Supremacy Extremism: The Transnational Rise of the Violent White Supremacist Movement», September 2019. https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Report-by-The-Soufan-Center-White-Supremacy-Extremism-The-Transnational-Rise-of-The-Violent-White-Supremacist-Movement.pdf  

[108] Oath Keepers’ Rhodes guilty of Jan.6 seditious conspiracy. 29.11.2022: https://apnews.com/article/oath-keepers-founder-guilty-of-seditious-conspiracy-42affe1614425c6820f7cbe8fd18ba96

[109] At least 1003 people have been charged in Capitol insurrection so far. 05.01.2023: https://news.yahoo.com/least-948-people-charged-capitol-192631254.html

[110] Jan.6 panel says Trump, far-right groups responsible for insurrection. 10.06.2022: https://ncpolicywatch.com/2022/06/10/jan-6-panel-says-trump-far-right-groups-responsible-for-insurrection/

[111]The Year in Hate and Extremism 2020. Southern Poverty Law Center.  https://www.splcenter.org/news/2021/02/01/year-hate-2020

[112] White supremacist propaganda spikes in 2020. Anti-Defamation League.  https://www.adl.org/white-supremacist-propaganda-spikes-2020

[113] White supremacist propaganda spikes in 2020. Anti-Defamation League. https://www.adl.org/white-supremacist-propaganda-spikes-2020

[114] Подробнее о данной проблеме смотри посвященный США раздел последнего Доклада МИД России о ситуации с героизацией нацизма, распространении неонацизма и других видов практик, которые способствуют эскалации современных форм расизма, расовой дискриминации, ксенофобии и связанной с ними нетерпимости.

[115] Members of white nationalist groups not barred from US military, official says. The Times of Israel. 14 February 2020. https://www.timesofisrael.com/members-of-white-nationalist-groups-not-barred-from-us-military-official-says/

[116] Neo-Nazi Group Membership May Not Get You Booted from Military, Officials Say. 12 February 2020. https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/02/12/neo-nazi-group-membership-may-not-get-you-booted-military-officials-say.html

[117] https://iz.ru/1165713/kirill-senin/iznutri-uzhasnye-v-ssha-zafiksirovali-rost-ekstremistskikh-nastroenii, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/deadly-domestic-extremism-worst-in-25-years-fbi-white-supremacists_n_60a0591ae4b03e1dd38a5b4e

[118] Доклад спецдокладчика СПЧ по современным формам расизма Е. Тендаи Ачиуме о проявлениях героизации нацизма A/HRC/41/55 на 41-й сессии Совета ООН по правам человека, июнь 2019 г.

[119] Mapping Police Violence Project:

https://mappingpoliceviolence.us/

[120] НПО End Police Violence, Report 2021

[121]

https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/

[122]

https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/

[123] https://iz.ru/1635795/2024-01-17/mpv-soobshchila-ob-13-tys-ubitykh-politceiskimi-v-ssha-za-2023-god

[124]

https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/

[125] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Март 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[126] https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/

[127] Доклад Министерства иностранных дел Республики Беларусь за 2022 г. о наиболее резонансных случаях нарушения прав человека в отдельных странах мира https://mfa.gov.by/kcfinder/upload/files/22.07.04_report_HR_2.pdf

[128]https://www.fox26houston.com/isiah-factor-uncensored/215-bodies-found-jackson-mississippi-exposed

[129] The Washington Post, Police shootings database; https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/

[130] Shot at home by police: Teaching officers how to react under stress after Botham Jean, Atatiana Jefferson killings. ABC News, 19 December 2019. https://abcnews.go.com/US/shot-home-police-teaching-officers-react-stress-botham/story?id=67825639

[131] The Washington Post, Police shootings database; https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/

[132] Международный независимый экспертный механизм по продвижению расовой справедливости и равенства в контексте правоохранительной деятельности был учрежден в июле 2021 г. Советом по правам человека для изучения ситуации и разработки рекомендаций. В частности, речь идет о том, чтобы пострадавшие от полицейского произвола лица африканского происхождения имели доступ к правосудию.

[133] https://news.un.org/ru/story/2023/09/1445272

[134] https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/ahrc54crp7-international-independent-expert-mechanism-advance-racial

[135] https://news.un.org/ru/story/2023/09/1445272

[136] https://news.un.org/ru/story/2023/09/1445272

[137] https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/ahrc54crp7-international-independent-expert-mechanism-advance-racial

[138] What We Know About the Death of George Floyd. New York Times, 27 May 2020, также Wall Street Journal, 29 May 2020.

[139] Следует отметить, что это уже не первый случай задействования Комитетом данного механизма. В связи со столкновениями на расовой почве в г. Шарлотсвилле (шт. Вирджиния) 18 августа 2017 г. КЛРД также в рамках этой процедуры выразил обеспокоенность масштабом расистских проявлений, призвав власти США четко и безоговорочно осудить расистские преступления на почве ненависти, а также активно содействовать поощрению терпимости и многообразию этнических групп.

[140] https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CERD/EarlyWarning/Statements/USA.pdf.

[141] Там же.

[142] Maryland police officer charged with murder in killing of handcuffed man. ВВС, 29 January 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-51291200

[143] F.B.I. to Investigate Shooting of Breonna Taylor by Louisville Police. New York Times, 21 May 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/21/us/fbi-louisville-shooting.html

[144] https://apnews.com/article/columbus-ohio-police-shooting-girl-bd579b69e19abf5a93722986ee78c957

[145] https://www.nytimes.com/article/daunte-wright-death-minnesota.html

[146] Black residents of Elizabeth City, N.C., thought police violence happened in other places. Then it came to their town. The Washington Post. 29 April 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/elizabeth-city-police-shooting/2021/04/29/80b28b40-a8ed-11eb-8c1a-56f0cb4ff3b5_story.html.

[147] https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/01/27/tyre-nichols-video-police-beating-live/ ; https://www.rbc.ru/society/28/01/2023/63d4c6059a7947e3f1378b1a

[148] https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/01/27/tyre-nichols-video-police-beating-live/

[149] https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/01/26/memphis-officers-charged-tyre-nichols/?itid=lk_inline_manual_4&itid=lk_inline_manual_5

[150] https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1280

[151] https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/01/27/tyre-nichols-video-police-beating-live/

[152] https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/sep/01/ohio-police-shooting-pregnant-black-woman-ta-kiya-young

[153] Кюр был признан виновным в вооруженном ограблении аптеки в Дания-Бич во Флориде в 2003 г. и приговорен к пожизненному заключению, поскольку ранее был судим за грабеж и другие преступления. В апреле 2020 г. мужчина был оправдан судом и вышел на свободу https://iz.ru/1590889/2023-10-17/v-ssha-zamestitel-sherifa-zastrelil-otsidevshego-po-lozhnomu-prigovoru-chernokozhego

[154] https://apnews.com/article/deputy-sheriff-shooting-traffic-stop-georgia-9ca56342974dd22b34ae330af62c555c

[155] https://iz.ru/1590889/2023-10-17/v-ssha-zamestitel-sherifa-zastrelil-otsidevshego-po-lozhnomu-prigovoru-chernokozhego

[156] Why Derek Chauvin’s sentencing for murdering George Floyd is a rarity. ABC News. 26 June 2021. https://abcnews.go.com/US/derek-chauvins-sentencing-murdering-george-floyd-rarity/story?id=78402027.

[157] Ex-officer was sentenced for causing sever injures to unarmed Black man while a police dog mauled him. Washington Post. 22 May 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/05/22/st-paul-officer-sentenced-beating-black-man/.

[158] СNN, These are the 5 charges the jury in Kyle Rittenhouse's trial considered: https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/14/us/kyle-rittenhouse-jury-deliberations-charges/index.html

[159] https://news.un.org/ru/story/2023/11/1446777

[160] https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/racism/sr/statements/2023-11-14-EOM-SR-Racism-usa-en.pdf

[161] https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/racism/sr/statements/2023-11-14-EOM-SR-Racism-usa-en.pdf

[162] BBC: America's race gap between black and white homeowners // https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61845304

[163] The Hill: Black Americans feel disproportionate pain from high interest rates //https://thehill.com/business/3617000- black-americans-feel-disproportionate-pain-from-high-interest-rates/

[164] По данным Китайского общества по изучению прав человека, с 2017 г. по первый квартал 2021 г. насчитывается более 5 тыс. подобных случаев.

[165] ACLU. Immigrant families still being separated at border. 2 October 2018. https://www.aclu.org/issues/family-separation 

[166] ACLU. ACLU has Filed 400 Legal Actions Against Trump Administration. 17 August 2020. https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/aclu-has-filed-400-legal-actions-against-trump-administration

[167] Вашингтон пост (Washington Post), 31 October 2020.

[168] Migrant boy found wandering alone in Texas had been deported and kidnapped. The Washington Post. 9 April 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/04/09/migrant-boy-found-wandering-alone-texas-had-been-deported-kidnapped/.

[169] TRAC Immigration, Details on Migrant Protection Protocols (Remain in Mexico) Deportation Proceedings. Syracuse University.

[170] Данные НПО «Врачи за права человека» (Physicians for Human Rights – PHR), Forced into Danger, январь 2021 г.

[171] Данные НПО «Врачи за права человека» (Physicians for Human Rights – PHR), Forced into Danger, январь 2021 г.

[172] Данные НПО «Врачи за права человека» (Physicians for Human Rights – PHR), Forced into Danger, январь 2021 г.

[173] TRAC Immigration, Details on Migrant Protection Protocols (Remain in Mexico) Deportation Proceedings. Syracuse University.

[174] Данные НПО «Американского союза защиты гражданских свобод» (American Civil Liberties Union), Hundreds of Thousands of People in Limbo as hey Wait for Justice.

[175] https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/us-asylum-and-border-policies-resulting-human-rights-violations

[176] НПО «Американского союза защиты гражданских свобод» (American Civil Liberties Union), Comment on Appeals Court Stay Ruling in Remain in Mexico Program, 4 марта 2020 г.

[177] НПО «Американского союза защиты гражданских свобод» (American Civil Liberties Union), Comment on Supreme Court Stay Ruling in Remain in Mexico Program, 11 марта 2020 г.

[178] Данные Центра по контролю и профилактике заболеваний США. 2020 г.

[179] Доклад Центра «Сенчэри Фаундейшэн» (The Century Foundation). 2020 г.

[180] Praying for Hand Soap and Masks. Health and Human Rights Violations in U.S. Immigration Detention during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Physicians for human rights website. 12 January 2021. https://phr.org/our-work/resources/praying-for-hand-soap-and-masks/.

[181] Harvard College Data Analytics Group, www.detainedindanger.org .

[182] НПО «Хьюман Райтс Ферст» (Human Rights First – HRF), Detained in Danger: Database raises troubling questions about COVID-19 in ICE Detention Centers. https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/press-release/detained-danger-database-raises-troubling-questions-about-covid-19-ice-detention.

[183] Coalition Letter to Department of Homeland Security Secretary Mayorkas

Regarding Use of Expedited Removal Process for Asylum Seekers at the Border. «Human Rights Watch». 16 February 2021. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/02/16/coalition-letter-department-homeland-security-secretary-mayorkas

[184] https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/rsource/us-asylum-and-border-policies-resulting-human-rights-violations.

[185] Министерство внутренней безопасности США: https://www.dhs.gov/news/2022/08/08/dhs-statement-us-district-courts-decision-regarding-mpp

[186] https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/02/us/politics/deportation-flights-mexico-immigration.html

[187] https://www.cbsnews.com/news/texas-blocks-federal-border-agents-processing-migrants-eagle-pass-shelby-park/; https://iz.ru/1642975/2024-01-31/izvestiia-pokazali-obstanovku-na-granitce-tekhasa-s-meksikoi; https://iz.ru/1644333/2024-02-03/nyt-soobshchila-o-vozobnovlenii-deportatcionnykh-reisov-iz-ssha-v-meksiku

[188] https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jason-owens-border-patrol-southern-border-national-security-threat/ ; https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/2024/03/25/1027712-ssha-soobschili-zaderzhanii

[189] https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-reveals-criteria-running-mate-name-drops-two-top-republicans

[190] OHCHR: New US border enforcement actions pose risk to fundamental human rights - Turk //https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/01/new-us-border-enforcement-actions-pose-risk-fundamental-human-rights-turk

[191] Unchecked Growth: Private Prison Corporations and Immigration Detention, Three Years Into the Biden Administration // ACLU. 07.08.2023. —

https://www.aclu.org

.

[192] Brazilian Man’s Suicide Sends Shockwaves Through «Inhumane» ICE Detention Center // The Appeal. 13.10.2022. —

https://theappeal.org

.

[193] Sesin C. An asylum-seeker died in immigration custody. His family wants answers // NBC News. 06.09.2023. —

https://www.nbcnews.com

.

[194] Клаузула о верховенстве — формулировка в конституции США, предусматривающая, что Основной закон и законы Соединенных Штатов, а также международные договоры, заключенные США, являются верховным правом страны. Клаузула также обязывает судей штатов руководствоваться Конституцией, законами и международными договорами США, даже если конституции и законы отдельных штатов противоречат федеральному праву. Конституции штатов также признают верховенство федеральной Конституции.

[195] Mathur S. Biden Administration Fights to Keep Private Immigration Jails Open, Despite Promises // Immigration Impact. 08.09.2023. -

https://immigrationimpact.com

.

[196] America’s gun culture in charts. BBC. 8 April 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41488081; Top 10 civilian gun-owning countries. Small arms survey research project.

http://www.smallarmssurvey.org

.

[197] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Март 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[198] https://www.thetrace.org/2022/12/gun-violence-deaths-statistics-america/

[199] https://legaljobs.io/blog/firearms-sales-statistics#:~:text=The%20number%20of%20new%20gun,to%202.4%20million%20in%202019.

[200]  https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/09/13/key-facts-about-americans-and-guns/

[201] https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/13/key-facts-about-americans-and-guns/

[202] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Март 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[203] https://rg.ru/2023/03/28/otchet-massovyh-rasstrelov-v-ssha-za-tri-mesiaca-bylo-bolshe-chem-dnej-v-etom-godu.html

[204] Mass shootings in 2022: https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/reports/mass-shootings

[205] https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/past-tolls

[206] https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/past-tolls

[207] https://rg.ru/2023/03/28/otchet-massovyh-rasstrelov-v-ssha-za-tri-mesiaca-bylo-bolshe-chem-dnej-v-etom-godu.html

[208]

https://www.gunviolencearchive.org

[209]https://www.aa.com.tr/ru

[210] По данным НПО «Архив насилия с применением огнестрельного оружия» (Gun Violence Archive - GVA).

https://www.gunviolencearchive.org

[211] https://rg.ru/2023/03/28/otchet-massovyh-rasstrelov-v-ssha-za-tri-mesiaca-bylo-bolshe-chem-dnej-v-etom-godu.html

[212] https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/cdc-provisional-data-gun-suicides-reach-all-time-high-in-2022-gun-homicides-down-slightly-from-2021#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20provisional%20CDC,in%202022%20compared%20to%202021.

[213] http://russian.people.com.cn/n3/2023/1226/c95181-20115071.html

[214] https://www.axios.com/2023/05/20/gun-violence-children-schools

[215]https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/cdc-provisional-data-gun-suicides-reach-all-time-high-in-2022-gun homicides-down-slightly-from-2021#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20provisional%20CDC,in%202022%20compared%20to%202021.

[216] https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/cdc-provisional-data-gun-suicides-reach-all-time-high-in-2022-gun-homicides-down-slightly-from-2021#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20provisional%20CDC,in%202022%20compared%20to%202021.

[217] In the Line of Fire: Human Rights and the U.S. Gun Violence Crisis. «Международная амнистия» (Amnesty International).

[218] Доклад НПО «Международная амнистия» (Amnesty International) за 2019 г.

[219] Shootings never stopped during pandemic: 2020 was the deadliest gun violence year in decades. «Вашингтон пост» (The Washington Post). 24 March 2021.

[220] https://rg.ru/2023/03/28/otchet-massovyh-rasstrelov-v-ssha-za-tri-mesiaca-bylo-bolshe-chem-dnej-v-etom-godu.html

[221] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Март 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[222] Statement on Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Gun Violence, Amnesty USA, March 2021

[223] В опросе «Исследовательского центра Пью» (Pew Research Center) 5-11 июня 2023 в Вашингтоне приняли участие 5115 человек.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2023/06/28/gun-violence-widelv-viewed-as-a-maior-and-orowing-national-problem/

[224]https://bartolius.ru/news_comm

[225] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Март 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[226] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Март 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[227] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Март 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[228] https://abc7.com/uvalde-school-shooting-joe-biden-gun-laws-violem=nce/13294059/

[229] https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2023/05/14/biden-congress-act-gun-violemce/70208852007/

[230] https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/03/14/fact-sheet-president-biden-announces-new- actions-to-reduce-gun-violence-and-make-our-communities-safer/

[231]https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2fC%2fUSA%2fCO%2f4&Lang=ruhttps://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD%2fC%2fUSA%2fCO%2f7-9&Lang=ru.

[232] https://www.prisonpolicy.org/national/

[233] Центр «Инициатива тюремной политики» (Prison Policy Initiative – PPI), доклад Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020 от 24 марта 2020 г.

[234] Доклад НПО «Хьюман Райтс Уотч» (Human Rights Watch – HRW) за 2019 г.

[235] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Март 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[236] 2 Lewis Prison corrections officers fired amid excessive use of force allegations. News Break, 20 November 2020. https://www.newsbreak.com/news/2106609544278/2-lewis-prison-corrections-officers-fired-amid-excessive-use-of-force-allegations

[237] 2 Schenectady County corrections officers fired over excessive force incident. News 10. 11 November 2020. https://www.news10.com/news/schenectady-county/schenectady-county-corrections-officers-fired-over-excessive-force-incident/

[238] Valdosta correctional officer guilty of using excess force. Albany Herald. 14 November 2020.

https://www.albanyherald.com

[239] Former Cheatham Co. corrections officer sentenced in use of excessive force case. WKRN. 20 November 2020. https://www.wkrn.com/news/former-cheatham-co-corrections-officer-sentenced-in-use-of-excessive-force-case/.

[240] Former Corrections Officer Pleads Guilty to Assaulting Inmate and Covering It Up, Faces Up to 35 Years. Newsweek. 3 December 2020. https://www.newsweek.com/former-corrections-officer-pleads-guilty-assaulting-inmate-covering-it-faces-35-years-1552271

[241] https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-health-califomia-united-states-prisons- 00а711766f5f3d2bd3fe6402afle0ff8

[242] «Вашингтон пост» (The Washington Post): https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/01/28/my-son-was-abused-prison-proposed-virginia-legislation-still-wouldnt-give-him-second-chance/

[243] USA Today: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/04/29/florida-prison-guards-charged-murder-inmate-beating/9583361002/

[244] Equal Justice Project: https://eji.org/news/alabama-prison-crisis-continues-with-terry-jones-homicide/

[245] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Март 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[246] Speedy Trial Act, пар.3161 (с) 1, раздел 18 Свода законов США

[247] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Март 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[248] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Март 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[249] Сайт НПО «Sentencing Project», раздел Private Prisons in the United States. https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/private-prisons-united-states/

[250] Сайт НПО «Сентенсинг Проджект» (Sentencing Project), раздел Private Prisons in the United States. https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/private-prisons-united-states/

[251] Ресурс wvtf.org, раздел Prison Food and Medical Care Suffer During COVID-19 Pandemic

[252] Ресурс wvtf.org, раздел Prison Food and Medical Care Suffer During COVID-19 Pandemic

[253] https://www.aclu.org/issues/prisoners-rights

[254] https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/independent-oversight-essential-safe-and-healthy-prison-system

[255] «Ю-Эс-Эй Тудэй» (USA Today), Investigations, The ununited state of juvenile justice in America, 2 декабря 2020 г., см. также UN Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty, 2019

[256] Office of Juvenile Justice and Deliquency Prevention webpage

[257] https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/publications/2022-national-report.pdf

[258] «Ю-Эс-Эй тудэй» (USA Today), Investigations, The ununited state of juvenile justice in America, 2 декабря 2020 г.

[259]https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2022/03/14/the-pandemic-shines-a-light-on-just-how-many- school-related-infractions-end-with-children-in-the-juvenile-justice-system/

[260] https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/12/24/report-race-juvenile-justice-virginia/

[261] https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/12/24/report-race-juvenile-justice-virginia/

[262] https://www.themarshallproject.org/2022/03/10/no-light-no-nothing-inside-louisiana-s-harshest-juvenile-lockup

[263] https://www.themarshallproject.org/2022/03/10/no-light-no-nothing-inside-louisiana-s-harshest-juvenile-lockup

[264] Там же.

[265] https://ura.news/news/1052747757

[266] https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/09/legacy-dark-side

[267] https://www.amnesty.org.uk/guantanamo-bay-human-rights

[268] https://www.ohchr.org/ru/special-procedures/sr-terrorism

[269] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/06/expert-welcomes-historic-visit-united-states-and-guantanamo-detention

[270] https://www.icrc.org/en/document/guant%C3%A1namo-detaining-authorities-must-adapt-needs-rapidly-ageing-population

[271] Доклад Министерства иностранных дел Республики Беларусь за 2022 г. о наиболее резонансных случаях нарушения прав человека в отдельных странах мира https://mfa.gov.by/kcfinder/upload/files/22.07.04_report_HR_2.pdf

[272] НПО «Хьюман Райтс Вотч» (Human Rights Watch): https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/usa/qna1006/usqna1006.htm

[273] Окружной апелляционный суд Округа Колумбия: https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/7047939/DC-Circuit-Rao-Gitmo-Habeas-Ruling.pdf

[274] «Лос-Анджелес Таймс» (Los Angeles Times): https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-01-22/ksm-waterboarding-guantanamo-testimony

[275]«Нью-Йорк Таймс» (New York Times): https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/us/politics/guantanamo-torture-sentencing.html

[276] United States of America v. Majid Shoukat Khan Ruling Defense Motion for Pretrial Punishment Credit Relief, Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, June 4, 2020

[277] НПО «Центр конституционного права» (Center for Constitutional Rights – CCR): https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2019/09/Emergency%20Motion
%20for%20Al%20Hajj%20Status%20Conference%20August%2022%202019.pdf

[278] «Фокс Ньюс» (Fox News): https://www.foxnews.com/world/political-poison-whats-going-on-in-gitmo

[279] «Нью-Йорк Таймс» (New York Times): https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/29/us/yemeni-detainee-at-guantanamo-died-of-overdose.html

[280] «Нью-Йорк Таймс» (New York Times): https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/11/us/ibrahim-idris-dead.html

[281] «Майами Хералд» (Miami Herald): https://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/op-ed/article121885083.html

[282] Например, см. «Нью-Йорк Таймс» (New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/us/politics/guantanamo-bay-cost-prison.html

[283] https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/us/politics/guantanamo-bay-prison-cost.html

[284] Just Security: https://www.justsecurity.org/72367/toward-a-new-approach-to-national-and-human-security-close-guantanamo-and-end-indefinite-detention/

[285] НПО «Международная амнистия» (Amnesty International): https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr51/3474/2021/en/

[286] ‘Disgraceful’ Guantánamo Bay detention facility must be closed now, say UN experts. The Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council press-release. 11 January 2021. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26649&LangID=E

[287] «Хилл» (The Hill): https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/549584-closing-guantanamo-is-long-overdue

[288] «Хилл» (The Hill): https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/557581-report-biden-hopes-to-close-guantanamo-by-the-end-of-his-first-term

[289] https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state

[290] Сайт Минюста США, 15 июня 2020 г., Executions Scheduled for Four Federal Inmates Convicted of Murdering Children

[291] НПО «Информационный центр по вопросам смертной казни» (Death penalty information Center)

[292] https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/2023

[293]

https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/

[294] https://tass.ru/obschestvo/19822213

[295] Сайт НПО «Информационный центр по вопросам смертной казни» (Death penalty information Center). Facts about death penalty, as of May 20, 2020.

https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/

.

[296] Outrage greets reports of Arizona plan to use Holocaust gas in executions. New York Times. 2 June 2021.

[297] Официальный сайт Э.Уоррен, 22 декабря 2020 г.

[298] https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/26/us/alabama-execution-nitrogen-what-we-know/index.html

[299] https://www.alabamaag.gov/alabama-attorney-general-steve-marshall-statement-on-the-execution-of-murderer-kenneth-smith-by-nitrogen-hypoxia/

[300] https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/26/us/alabama-execution-nitrogen-what-we-know/index.html,

https://tass.ru/obschestvo/19822213

[301] https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145947

[302] https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/2024/01/26/1016974-oon-i-es-osudili-ssha

[303] https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/23/alabama-intends-carry-out-first-known-us-execution-using-nitrogen-gas

[304] https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/the-privacy-lesson-of-9-11-mass-surveillance-is-not-the-way-forward

[305] https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2022/02/we-need-answers-about-cias-mass-surveillance

[306] Politico: https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/02/court-rules-nsa-phone-snooping-illegal-407727

[307] Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/articles/federal-agencies-use-cellphone-location-data-for-immigration-enforcement-11581078600

[308] Just Security: https://www.justsecurity.org/73321/the-future-of-u-s-foreign-intelligence-surveillance/

[309] Ibid.

[310] The American Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement emerged in the wake of the May 2020 murder of African-American John Floyd by police in the United States.

[311]https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2023/Surveillance%20Report%202023%20.pdf

[312]https://www.amnestyusa.org/updates/unlawful-surveillance-threatens-our-activism-heres-how-we-can-fight-back/

[313] Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/articles/federal-agencies-use-cellphone-location-data-for-immigration-enforcement-11581078600

[314] Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/articles/irs-used-cellphone-location-data-to-try-to-find-suspects-11592587815

[315] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2024-000166_EN.html

[316] https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5843791

[317] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2024-000166_EN.html

[318] https://federalnewsnetwork.com/commentary/2024/02/fisa-amendments-must-acknowledge-critical-role-osint-plays-in-preserving-national-security/

https://www.csis.org/events/section-702-fisa-privacy-and-civil-liberties-reforms

[319] https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/02/28/statement-by-national-security-advisor-jake-sullivan-on-the-biden-harris-administrations-support-for-the-reauthorization-of-vital-intelligence-collection-authorities/

[320]https://www.aclu.org/news/national-security/five-things-to-know-about-nsa-mass-surveillance-and-the-coming-fight-in-congress

[321] An open letter to Google. The Privacy International. 8 January 2020. https://privacyinternational.org/advocacy/3320/open-letter-google, 50+ orgs ask Google to take a stance against Android bloatware. ZD Net. 9 January 2020. https://www.zdnet.com/article/50-orgs-ask-google-to-take-a-stance-against-android-bloatware/

[322] Privacy with a Price: Advocates Say Google Should Secure Cheap Android Phones. The Tech Times. 22 January 2020. https://www.techtimes.com/articles/246957/20200122/privacy-with-a-price-google-should-secure-cheap-android-phones.htm

[323] There’s Now an Even Worse Anti-Encryption Bill Than EARN IT. That Doesn’t Make the EARN IT Bill OK. The Center for Internet and Society at Stanford Law School. 24 June 2020. http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2020/06/there%E2%80%99s-now-even-worse-anti-encryption-bill-earn-it-doesn%E2%80%99t-make-earn-it-bill-ok; Lawful Access to Encrypted Data Act would cripple digital security. Access Now. 8 July 2020. https://www.accessnow.org/lawful-access-to-encrypted-data-act-would-cripple-digital-security/

[324] The Untold Number of People Implicated in Crimes They Didn’t Commit Because of Face Recognition. American Civil Libertiys Union. 24 June 2020. https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/the-untold-number-of-people-implicated-in-crimes-they-didnt-commit-because-of-face-recognition/

[325] Data from Just Security. https://www.justswecurity.org/73321/the-future-of-u-s-foreign-intelligence-surveillance/.

[326] USA: Facial recognition technology reinforcing racist stop-and-frisk policing in New York — new research // Amnesty International. 15.02.2022. —

http://www.amnesty.org

.

[327] There are five boroughs in New York City: the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island.

[328] World Report 2022: United States / Human Rights Watch, 01.2022. —

https://www.hrw.org

.

[329] The power to "stop-and-frisk" is granted to police officers in many states and allows them to detain a person outside the home or in a public place if the police officer has reason to "reasonably suspect" that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. If there are "reasonable grounds", the detainee can be searched on the spot "in order to find dangerous weapons".

[330] World Report 2022: United States / Human Rights Watch, 01.2022. —

https://www.hrw.org

.

[331] Amnesty International, USA, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2020/06/amnesty-international-calls-for-ban-on-the-use-of-facial-recognition-technology-for-mass-surveillance/

[332] World Report 2022: United States / Human Rights Watch, 01.2022. —

https://www.hrw.org

.

[333] Wrongfully Accused by an Algorithm. The New York Times. 24 June 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/technology/facial-recognition-arrest.htmlg; American Civil Liberties Union. https://www.aclu.org/press-releases-michigan-father-sues-detroit-pilice-department-wrongful-arrest-based-faulty-facial.

[334] Facial recognition linked to a second wrongful arrest by Detroit police. Engadget. 10 July 2020. https://www.engadget.com/facial-recognition-false-match-wrongful-arrest-224053761.html

[335] Detroit Police Chief: Facial Recognition Software Misidentifies 96 % of the Time. Vice. 29 June 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/dyzykz/detroit-police-chief-facial-recognition-software-misidentifies-96-of-the-time?utm_content=1593453617&utm_medium=social&utm_source=VICE_twitter; ACLU Statement on Second Wrongful Arrest due to Face Recognition Technology.  American Civil Libertiys Union. 10 July 2020. https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/aclu-statement-second-wrongful-arrest-due-face-recognition-technology

[336] Ban the scan: do you want your face to be used to track you? NGO Amnesty International.

https://banthescan.amnesty.org/

[337] Washington Examiner. 03.06.2021.

[338] https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/monthly-issues/security-technology/archive/2021/december/facial-recognition-in-the-us-privacy-concerns-and-legal-developments/

[339] https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/05/tech/facial-recognition-bans-reversed/index.html

[340] World Socialist Web Site (WSWS): https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/04/28/surv-a28.html

[341] The New York Post: https://nypost.com/2021/05/04/gop-reps-want-fbi-director-to-explain-fisa-warrant-violations/

[342] Vox: https://www.vox.com/recode/22038383/dhs-cbp-investigation-cellphone-data-brokers-venntel

[343] U.S. Supreme Court: https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-402_h315.pdf

[344] O. Akselrod, S. Venzke, "How Artificial Intelligence Might Prevent You From Getting Hired," American Civil Liberties Union. 23.08.2023. -

https://www.aclu.org

.

[345] Kales E. Use of AI tools raises concerns about potential for employment discrimination // The Daily Record. 08/08/2023/ - https://thedailyrecord.com.

[346] Setty R., Gilbert A. Busting Companies for AI Bias in Hiring Is Tough Task for EEOC // Bloomberg Law. 14.08.2023. —

https://news.bloomberglaw.com

.

[347] Newsweek.com. US military claims responsibility for more than 23 civilian deaths in 2020.

[348] Ibid.

[349] Amnesty International, USA: https://www.amnestyusa.org/press-releases/defense-department-undercounts-civilian-casualties-in-new-reporting/

[350] American Bar Association: https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_contract_law/publications/public_contract_law_jrnl/49-4/casualties-drone/

[351] Foreign Policy: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/12/17/obamas-murderous-drone-legacy-will-haunt-the-biden-administration/

[352] Human Rights Watch: https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/16/somalia-inadequate-us-airstrike-investigations

[353] https://www.brookings.edu/articles/biden-can-reduce-civilian-casualties-during-us-drone-strikes-heres-how/

[354] Human Rights Watch: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/somalia#

[355] "Costs of War": https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2020/Rising
%20Civilian%20Death%20Toll%20in%20Afghanistan_Costs%20of%20War_Dec%207%202020.pdf

[356] https://www.brookings.edu/articles/biden-can-reduce-civilian-casualties-during-us-drone-strikes-heres-how/

[357] Reporters without Boarders: https://rsf.org/en/country/united-states

[358] https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/02/most-u-s-journalists-are-concerned-about-press-freedoms/

[359] https://pressfreedomtracker.us/blog/members-of-the-press-charged-with-committing-acts-of-journalism-in-2023/

[360] «Американский барометр свободы прессы» (US Press Freedom Tracker): https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/social-media-journalist-arrested-during-san-clemente-protest-held-overnight/

[361] «Американский барометр свободы прессы» (US Press Freedom Tracker):  https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/newsnation-reporter-arrested-while-covering-ohio-governor-news-conference/

[362] «Американский барометр свободы прессы» (US Press Freedom Tracker): https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/photojournalist-arrested-at-candlelight-vigil-for-man-killed-on-nyc-subway/

[363] https://pressfreedomtracker.us/blog/members-of-the-press-charged-with-committing-acts-of-journalism-in-2023/

https://pressfreedomtracker.us/all-incidents/newspaper-ordered-to-comply-with-subpoena-for-jailhouse-interview-notes/

[364] Пресс-аккаунт YouTube в Twitter:

https://twitter.com/YouTubeInsider/status/1502335030168899595

[365] НПО «Комитет защиты журналистов» (Committee to Protect Journalists)  https://cpj.org/2020/08/were-scared-shitless-out-here-four-reporters-on-covering-the-federal-response-to-portland-protests/

[366] НПО «Фонд поддержки свободы прессы» (Freedom of the Press Foundation): https://freedom.press/news/press-freedom-coalition-calls-for-end-to-assange-prosecution-after-shocking-reporting-on-cia-misconduct

[367] НПО «Демократия сейчас» (Democracy Now): https://www.democracynow.org/2022/6/6/headlines/spanish_
court_summons_mike_pompeo_over_cia_plot_to_kidnap_or_kill_julian_assange

[368] The Trump Administration and the Media. Committee to Protect Journalists. 16 April 2020. https://cpj.org/reports/2020/04/trump-media-attacks-credibility-leaks/

[369] НПО «Репортеры без границ» (Rapporteurs sans frontieres). https://rsf.org/en/united-states

[370] Сайт НПО «Американский барометр свободы» (U.S. Freedom Tracker).

[371] Тюрьму собирался ликвидировать еще Б.Обама, однако его указ был отменен Д.Трампом.

[372] https://www.aclu.org/news/free-speech/when-florida-officials-tried-to-silence-our-pro-palestinian-student-group-we-sued; https://www.aclu.org/news/free-speech/defending-free-speech-students-justice-palestine-florida

[373] Доклад Министерства иностранных дел Республики Беларусь за 2023 г. о наиболее резонансных случаях нарушения прав человека в отдельных странах мира https://mfa.gov.by/kcfinder/upload/files/Press_Service/23.06.22_report_hr.pdf

[374] Сформирован в январе 2023 г.

[375] В ноутбуке, который сын Джо Байдена Хантер оставил в ремонтной мастерской в Делавэре в 2019 году, содержатся тысячи электронных писем за десять лет. В переписке обсуждаются зарубежные коммерческие сделки сына президента. Среди прочего, письма подтверждают факт соглашения Хантера с частным конгломератом CEFC China Energy, который тесно связан с китайским правительством и заплатил почти пять миллионов долларов сыну, а также брату президента Джеймсу. https://inosmi.ru/20220404/khanter-253672078.html

[376] https://www.ng.ru/education/2024-03-20/8_8974_florida.html

[377] https://www.ng.ru/education/2024-03-20/8_8974_florida.html

[378] https://www.ng.ru/education/2024-03-20/8_8974_florida.html

[379] https://ria.ru/20240129/doprosy-1924055439.html

[380] https://www.epochtimes.ru/mir/severnaya-america/kitajskih-studentov-doprashivayut-i-deportiruyut-iz-ssha-za-svyazi-s-kompartiej-kitaya-196996/

[381] Китайских студентов в США больше, чем из любой другой страны. Так, на момент завершения учебного 2023 г. в США находилось 289526 китайских студентов (это самый низкий показатель с 2013-2014 гг. (-0,2 %). В свою очередь, количество американских студентов, обучающихся в Китае по итогам 2023 г. увеличилось до 700 человек после резкого падения до 350 учащихся в 2022 г. (для сравнения – в Китае сейчас получает образование около 12 тыс. россиян).

[382] https://russian.news.cn/20240201/cc5ff0330aca438ebdc41999804223df/c.html

[383] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Опубликован 28 марта 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[384] https://rg.ru/2015/08/06/demokratiya.html

[385] https://rg.ru/2015/08/06/demokratiya.html

[386] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Опубликован 28 марта 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[387] https://rtvi.com/news/tri-fakta-o-samyh-dorogih-vyborah-v-kongress-ssha-infografika/

[388]https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/08/05/majority-of-americans-continue-to-favor-moving-away-from-electoral-college/

[389] https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/voting-laws-roundup-june-2023

[390] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Опубликован 28 марта 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[391] https://globalextremism.org/post/midterm-elections-top-eight-election-denial-groups-to-watch/

[392] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Опубликован 28 марта 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[393] Доклад по США Китайского общества по изучению прав человека за 2022. Опубликован 28 марта 2023 г. https://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

[394] https://www.kp.ru/daily/217195/4304146/

[395] https://www.kp.ru/daily/217195/4304146/

[396]https://www.rollcall.com/2021/05/12/at-hearing-republicans-recast-jan-6-rioters-as-victims/; https://thehill.com/homenews/house/553122-gops-gosar-says-jan-6-rioter-was-executed

[397]  https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-securitv/2022/08/09/trump-fbi-search-maralago/

[398] https://www.narf.org/brnovich/

[399] Tribal Nations & the United States: An introduction. National Congress of American Indians. (2020, February). https://www.ncai.org/about-tribes

[400] Braun, S. (2022, April 1). The Indigenous World 2022: United States of America. IWGIA. https://www.iwgia.org/en/usa/4684-iw-2022-united-states-of-america.html

[401] Tribal Nations & the United States: An introduction. National Congress of American Indians. (2020, February). https://www.ncai.org/about-tribes

[402]  https://www.culturalsurvival.org/sites

[403] НПО «Американского союза защиты гражданских свобод шт.Монтаны» (American Civil Liberties Union of Montana): https://www.aclumontana.org/en/news/contextualizing-federal-indian-boarding-school-initiative-report

[404] https://ncrc.org/racial-wealth-snapshot-native-americans/

[405] https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2022/02/09/despite-an-optimistic-jobs-report-new-data-shows-native-american-unemployment-remains-staggeringly-high/

[406] U.S. Const. Art. I, §8, cl. 3. Commerce Clause. https://www,law.comell.edu/constitution/articlei#section8

[407] https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023.12.04-TNS-Progress-Report.pdf

[408] https://www.indian-affairs.org/icwa-brackeen.html

[409] https://www.indian-affairs.org/icwa-brackeen.html

[410]https://www.insightintodiversitv.com/report-details-university-of-minnesotas-historical-mistreatment-of-native-
americans/#:~:text=Through%20analysis%20of%20archivai%20records.lands%20
and%20resources.%E2%80%9D%20

These%20actions https://mn.gov/indian-affairs/truth-project/

[411] https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/pressure-mounts-for-release-of-political-prisoner-leonard-peltier

[412] https://freeleonard.org/case/

[413]https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/05/l 1/readout-of-the-white-houses-first-stakeholder-convening-on-mining-reform/ ; https://www.doi.gov/ocI/mining-iaw-reform

[414] Dominguez, R. (2021, September 9). Just minerals for a just transition. Earthworks, https://earthworks.org/blog/just- minerals-for-a-just-transition/

[415] Earth Island. Navajos ban uranium mining.

https://www.earthisIand.org/journal/index.php/magazine/entry/navajos_ban_uranium_mining/

[416] d. See also Galligan, T. & Reynvaan (1977). Pacific Northwest Indian Treaty Fishing Rights Vol 5:99. https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=l lSO&context^sulr

[417] https://perpetuaresources.com/proiect/

https://efiling.energy.ca.gov/GetDocument.aspx?tn=245607&DocumentContentId=79638

Healy, J., & Baker, M. (2021, December 27). As miners chase clean-energy minerals, tribes fear a repeat of the past.

«Нью-Йорк Таймс» (The New York Times), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/27/us/mining-clean-energy-antimony-tribes.html

[418] Turkewitz, J. (2017, February 8). Army approves construction of Dakota Access Pipeline. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/us/army-approves-construction-of-dakota-access-pipeline.html

[419] Romo, V. (2018, September 11). Native American tribes file lawsuit seeking to invalidate Keystone XL Pipeline Permit. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2018/09/10/646523140/native-american-tribes-file-lawsuit-seeking-to-invalidate- keystone-xl-pipeline-p

[420] Pember, M. A. (2021, February 24). Enbridge Line 3 divides indigenous lands, people. MPR News. https://www.mprnews.org/story/2021/02/24/enbridge-line-3-divides-indigenous-lands-people

[421] Sahagun, L. (2021, March 14). A corporation wants to mine for gold near Death Valley. Native Tribes are fighting it. Los Angeles Times, https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2021-03-14/a-corporation-wants-to-mine-for-gold- near-death-valley-nat ive-tribes-are-fighting-it ;

https://k2gold.com/

[422] Naiden, A. (2021, December 11). Environmentalists and Alaska villages continue court challenge of permits for Ambler Road Project. Anchorage Daily News. https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/rural- alaska/2021/12/10/environmentalists-and-alaska-villages-continue-court-ch allenge-of-permits-for-ambler-road-project/

[423] https://www.alaskasnewssource.com/2023/02/18/2-tribal-councils-withdraw-ambler-road-lawsuit/

[424] https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/07/19/alaska-ambler-road-critical-minerals-climate/ Earthworks Biden administration acknowledges legal problems with Interior’s Ambler road approval (2022, Feb.20). https://earthworks.org/releases/biden-administration-acknowledges-legal-problems-with-interiors-ambler-road-approval/

[425] Healy, J,, & Baker, М. (2021, December 27). As miners chase clean-energy minerals, tribes fear a repeat of the past. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/27/us/mining-clean-energy-antimony-tribes.htmi

[426] Naiden, A. (2021, December 10). Ariz. Tribes, Enviros say copper mine suit must go on. Law360. Retrieved from https://www.law360.com/articles/1491023/ariz-tribes-enviros-say-copper-mine-suit-must-go-on

[427] EarthJustice (2022, May 12). 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals Upholds Landmark Ruling Blocking Arizona Copper Mine. https://earthjustice.org/news/press/2022/9th-u-s-circuit-court-of-appeals-upholds-landmark-ruling-blocking-arizonacopper-mine

[428] Abbott, D. (2022, June 13). Hudbay wins latest court battle over the Rosemont Mine as heavy equipment continues to roll in the Santa Rita Mountains. Arizona Mirror. Retrieved from https://www.azmirror.com/2022/06/01/hudbay-wins-latest-court-battle-over-the-rosemont-mine-as-heavy-equipment -continues-to-roll-in-the-santa-rita-mountains/

[429] Gilger, L. (2019, August 29). Environmentalists, tribes battle rosemont mine in Southeastern Arizona. KJZZ. https://kjzz.org/content/960201/environmentalists-tribes-battle-rosemont-mine-southeastern-arizona

[430] Healy, J., & Baker, M. (2021, December 27). As miners chase clean-energy minerals, tribes fear a repeat of the past. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/27/us/mining-clean-energy-antimony-tribes.html

[431] Krawczyk, K. (2021, June 10). Mining for lithium, at a cost to indigenous religions. Energy News Network. https://energynews.us/2021/06/10/mining-for-lithium-at-a-cost-to-indigenous-religions/

[432] Healy, J., & Baker, М. (2021, December 27). As miners chase clean-energy minerals, tribes fear a repeat of the past. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/27/us/mining-clean-energy-antimony-tribes.html

[433] Stern, R. (2015, April 22). A copper mine near Superior and Oak Flat Campground is set to destroy a unique, sacred recreation area - for fleeting benefits. Phoenix New Times, https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/a-copper-mine-near-superior-and-oak-flat-campground-is-set-to-destroy-aunique-sacred-recreation-area-for-fleeting-benefits-7287269

[434] Kelety, J. (2022, July 2). Biden administration says Oak Flat Land Swap should proceed despite lawsuit. Phoenix New Times.

[435] Thompson, D. (2022, June 28). U.S. Court of Appeals denies Apache claim to Oak Flat, approves copper mine in Arizona. Native News Online, https://nativenewsonline.net/environment/u-s-court-of-appeals-denies-apache-claim-to- oak-flat-approves-copper-mine-in-arizona

[436] Healy, J., & Baker, М. (2021, December 27). As miners chase clean-energy minerals, tribes fear a repeat of the past. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/27/us/mining-clean-energy-antimony-tribes.html

[437] Human rights abuse cannot be the price paid for Essential Energy Transition. Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2021, February 2). https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/from-us/media-centre/liuman-rights-abuse-cannot-be-the-price-paid-for-es sential-energy-transition/

[438] Fox, L. (2019, July 4). 'man camps' may be a threat to Yukon Indigenous women and girls, say advocates. Yukon News. https://www.yukon-news.com/news/man-camps-may-be-a-threat-to-yukon-indigenous-women-and-girls-say-advocates/

[439] Finn, K. (2020, March 30). Recalibrating risk assessment for indigenous women. GreenMoney Journal. https://greenmoney.com/recalibrating-risk-assessment-for-indigenous-women/

[440] Доклад НПО «Международная амнистия» (Amnesty International) за 2019 г., США.

[441] https://iz.ru/1537331/evgeniia-chukalina/abortnyi-protcess-kak-politika-respublikantcev-snizhaet-ikh-shansy-na-2024-god

[442] https://iz.ru/1537331/evgeniia-chukalina/abortnyi-protcess-kak-politika-respublikantcev-snizhaet-ikh-shansy-na-2024-god

[443] На это указывали, в частности, «Международная амнистия» и НПО «Guttmacher Institute».

[444] По данным «Международной амнистии»

[445] По данным «Международной амнистии»

[446] https://news.un.org/ru/story/2023/06/1441617

[447] https://news.un.org/ru/story/2023/06/1441617

[448] The Trump Administration and the Media. Committee to Protect Journalists. 16 April 2020. https://cpj.org/reports/2020/04/trump-media-attacks-credibility-leaks/

[449] Human Rights Watch report, 2019.

[450] Ibid.

[451] https://orthochristian.com/153526.html

[452] https://riafan.ru/22912317-_lyudei_uvol_nyayut_glava_obschestva_russkaya_molodezh_ameriki_kochin_podtverdil_usilenie_rusofobii_v_ssha

[453] https://www.foxnews.com/media/eric-swalwell-russians-us-universities-retaliation

[454] https://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/68366

[455] https://nypost.com/2022/03/18/nyc-man-attacked-for-pro-russian-flag-says-he-got-it-from-youtube-fan/

[456] https://www.kp.ru/daily/27374/4567724/

[457] https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435570

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/437979

[458] https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436833

[459] https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/437440

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/437441

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/437442

[460] https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436157

[461] https://tass.ru/kultura/13850801

[462] https://www.baa.org/baa-policy-russian-and-belarusian-athletes

[463] See also the June 2023 Russian Foreign Ministry report "On Violations of Children's Rights in the Process of Intercountry Adoption in the United States" (also available on the website of the Ministry of www.mid.ru).